目录
IB 物理术语
IB 物理术语
本术语表按照 IB Physics Guide（first assessment 2025）的章节结构整理，收录各章节的核心考纲术语及理解正式讲义所必需的物理术语。英文释义以 IB 课程语境为边界，同时保持物理概念上的准确性。
Pronunciation conventions
- BrE 采用 General British 宽式音位转写，优先依据英式发音词典数据，并对物理技术词、人名和非规则读音逐项校正。
- AmE 采用 General American 宽式音位转写，普通词以 CMU Pronouncing Dictionary 为基础，技术词和人名另行校正。
- 每个音标栏只给出一个推荐读音。部分词存在其他规范变体；本表不把地区或个人差异误判为错误。
- 多词术语按构成词的词典独立读音标注，便于逐词学习；实际句子中的主重音、弱读和连读会随语境改变。
- 斜线表示宽式音位转写；单音节词通常不另标主重音。
| 缩写 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| UK | British English pronunciation，英式英语发音 |
| US | American English pronunciation，美式英语发音 |
A.1 Kinematics
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| acceleration | UK: /əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ US: /əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ | The vector rate of change of velocity. | 加速度：速度随时间的矢量变化率。 |
| air resistance | UK: /eə rɪˈzɪstəns/ US: /er rɪˈzɪstəns/ | The resistive force exerted by air on a body moving relative to it. | 空气阻力：空气对相对其运动的物体施加的阻力。 |
| area under a graph | UK: /ˈeəriə ˈʌndə ə ɡrɑːf/ US: /ˈeriə ˈʌndɚ ə ɡræf/ | The signed geometrical area between a graph and its horizontal axis. | 图像下方面积：图线与横轴之间的带符号几何面积。 |
| average speed | UK: /ˈævrɪdʒ spiːd/ US: /ˈævərɪdʒ spiːd/ | Total distance travelled divided by total elapsed time. | 平均速率：总路程除以总时间。 |
| average velocity | UK: /ˈævrɪdʒ vəˈlɒsɪti/ US: /ˈævərɪdʒ vəˈlɑːsəti/ | Total displacement divided by total elapsed time. | 平均速度：总位移除以总时间。 |
| displacement | UK: /dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ US: /dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ | The vector change in position from the initial point to the final point. | 位移：从初位置指向末位置的位置变化矢量。 |
| distance travelled | UK: /ˈdɪstəns ˈtrævəld/ US: /ˈdɪstəns ˈtrævəld/ | The total length of the path followed by an object. | 路程：物体实际运动路径的总长度。 |
| equations of motion | UK: /ɪˈkweɪʒənz əv ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ɪˈkweɪʒənz əv ˈmoʊʃən/ | Equations relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time; the standard constant-acceleration equations apply only when acceleration is uniform. | 运动学方程：联系位移、速度、加速度和时间的方程；标准匀加速方程仅适用于加速度恒定的情况。 |
| fluid resistance | UK: /ˈfluːɪd rɪˈzɪstəns/ US: /ˈfluːɪd rɪˈzɪstəns/ | A resistive force exerted by a gas or liquid on a body moving relative to the fluid. | 流体阻力：气体或液体对相对流体运动的物体施加的阻力。 |
| free fall | UK: /friː fɔːl/ US: /friː fɔːl/ | Motion under the influence of gravity alone. | 自由落体：仅受重力作用的运动。 |
| gradient | UK: /ˈɡreɪdɪənt/ US: /ˈɡreɪdiənt/ | The change in the vertical-axis quantity per unit change in the horizontal-axis quantity. | 斜率：纵轴物理量的变化量与横轴物理量变化量之比。 |
| instantaneous velocity | UK: /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəs vəˈlɒsɪti/ US: /ˌɪnstənˈtæniəs vəˈlɑːsəti/ | The velocity of an object at a particular instant. | 瞬时速度：物体在某一时刻的速度。 |
| kinematics | UK: /ˌkɪnɪˈmætɪks/ US: /ˌkɪnəˈmætɪks/ | The branch of mechanics that describes motion without referring to the forces that cause it. | 运动学：描述物体运动而不涉及引起该运动的力的力学分支。 |
| light gate | UK: /laɪt ɡeɪt/ US: /laɪt ɡeɪt/ | A timing sensor that detects when an object interrupts a light beam, allowing time intervals and speeds to be measured. | 光电门：探测物体遮断光束时刻的计时传感器，可用于测量时间间隔和速度。 |
| motion sensor | UK: /ˈməʊʃən ˈsensə/ US: /ˈmoʊʃən ˈsensɚ/ | A sensor that records position or motion as a function of time. | 运动传感器：记录位置或运动随时间变化的传感器。 |
| position | UK: /pəˈzɪʃən/ US: /pəˈzɪʃən/ | The location of an object relative to a chosen origin. | 位置：物体相对于所选原点所在的位置。 |
| projectile motion | UK: /prəˈdʒektaɪl ˈməʊʃən/ US: /prəˈdʒektəl ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion after launch under gravity alone, modelled with a uniform gravitational field and negligible air resistance. | 抛体运动：物体抛出后仅受重力作用的运动，通常采用匀强引力场并忽略空气阻力。 |
| range | UK: /reɪndʒ/ US: /reɪndʒ/ | The horizontal displacement of a projectile from launch to landing. | 射程：抛体从抛出到落地的水平位移。 |
| reference frame | UK: /ˈrefərəns freɪm/ US: /ˈrefərəns freɪm/ | A coordinate system together with synchronized clocks used to assign positions and times to events. | 参考系：由坐标系统和同步时钟组成，用于给事件指定位置和时间。 |
| reference point | UK: /ˈrefərəns pɔɪnt/ US: /ˈrefərəns pɔɪnt/ | A chosen fixed point relative to which position is measured. | 参考点：用于确定物体位置的选定固定点。 |
| scalar quantity | UK: /ˈskeɪlə ˈkwɒntɪti/ US: /ˈskeɪlər ˈkwɑːntəti/ | A physical quantity described by magnitude only. | 标量：只由大小描述的物理量。 |
| speed | UK: /spiːd/ US: /spiːd/ | The scalar rate at which distance is travelled; equivalently, the magnitude of velocity. | 速率：路程随时间的标量变化率，也等于速度的大小。 |
| stopwatch | UK: /ˈstɒpwɒtʃ/ US: /ˈstɑːpwɑːtʃ/ | An instrument used to measure a time interval. | 秒表：用于测量时间间隔的仪器。 |
| time of flight | UK: /taɪm əv flaɪt/ US: /taɪm əv flaɪt/ | The total time for which a projectile remains in motion before landing. | 飞行时间：抛体从抛出到落地所经历的总时间。 |
| trajectory | UK: /trəˈdʒektəri/ US: /trəˈdʒektɚi/ | The path followed by a moving object. | 轨迹：运动物体所经过的路径。 |
| uniform acceleration | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ | Motion with constant acceleration as a vector. | 匀加速运动：加速度矢量保持不变的运动。 |
| vector quantity | UK: /ˈvektə ˈkwɒntɪti/ US: /ˈvektɚ ˈkwɑːntəti/ | A physical quantity described by both magnitude and direction. | 矢量：同时具有大小和方向的物理量。 |
| velocity | UK: /vəˈlɒsɪti/ US: /vəˈlɑːsəti/ | The vector rate of change of position. | 速度：位置随时间的矢量变化率。 |
A.2 Forces and momentum
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| angular speed | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə spiːd/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ spiːd/ | The rate of change of angular displacement. | 角速率：角位移随时间的变化率。 |
| buoyant force | UK: /ˈbɔɪənt fɔːs/ US: /ˈbɔɪənt fɔːrs/ | The resultant force exerted by a fluid on an immersed or partially immersed body, arising from pressure differences. | 浮力：流体压强差对浸入或部分浸入其中的物体产生的合力。 |
| centripetal acceleration | UK: /ˌsentrɪˈpiːtəl əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ US: /senˈtrɪpətəl əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ | Acceleration directed towards the centre of a circular path. | 向心加速度：指向圆周运动轨道中心的加速度。 |
| centripetal force | UK: /ˌsentrɪˈpiːtəl fɔːs/ US: /senˈtrɪpətəl fɔːrs/ | The resultant radial force that produces centripetal acceleration. | 向心力：产生向心加速度的径向合力。 |
| coefficient of friction | UK: /ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃənt əv ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /ˌkoʊəˈfɪʃənt əv ˈfrɪkʃən/ | The dimensionless constant relating frictional force to normal contact force in the stated friction model. | 摩擦因数：在给定摩擦模型中联系摩擦力与支持力的无量纲常数。 |
| conservation of momentum | UK: /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən əv məˈmentəm/ US: /ˌkɑːnsɚˈveɪʃən əv moʊˈmentəm/ | The total momentum of a system remains constant when the resultant external impulse is zero. | 动量守恒：当系统所受合外冲量为零时，系统总动量保持不变。 |
| contact force | UK: /ˈkɒntækt fɔːs/ US: /ˈkɑːntækt fɔːrs/ | A force arising from direct physical interaction between bodies in contact. | 接触力：相互接触的物体之间由直接物理相互作用产生的力。 |
| drag force | UK: /dræɡ fɔːs/ US: /dræɡ fɔːrs/ | A resistive force exerted by a fluid on an object moving through it. | 阻力：流体对其中运动物体施加的阻碍运动的力。 |
| dynamic friction | UK: /daɪˈnæmɪk ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /daɪˈnæmɪk ˈfrɪkʃən/ | Friction between surfaces that are sliding relative to each other. | 动摩擦力：接触面发生相对滑动时的摩擦力。 |
| elastic collision | UK: /ɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ US: /ɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ | A collision in an isolated system in which total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. | 弹性碰撞：在孤立系统中总动量和总动能均守恒的碰撞。 |
| elastic restoring force | UK: /ɪˈlæstɪk rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ fɔːs/ US: /ɪˈlæstɪk rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ fɔːrs/ | A force produced by elastic deformation that acts towards the undeformed or equilibrium state. | 弹性回复力：由弹性形变产生、指向未形变状态或平衡状态的力。 |
| explosion | UK: /ɪkˈspləʊʒən/ US: /ɪkˈsploʊʒən/ | An internal process that separates parts of a system and redistributes energy and momentum. | 爆炸：系统内部过程使各部分分离，并重新分配能量和动量。 |
| external force | UK: /ɪkˈstɜːnəl fɔːs/ US: /ɪkˈstɝːnəl fɔːrs/ | A force exerted on the chosen system by an object outside that system. | 外力：所选系统之外的物体对该系统施加的力。 |
| force | UK: /fɔːs/ US: /fɔːrs/ | A push or pull arising from an interaction; the resultant force on a body equals its rate of change of momentum. | 力：由相互作用产生的推或拉；物体所受合力等于其动量变化率。 |
| force pair | UK: /fɔːs peə/ US: /fɔːrs per/ | The two equal-magnitude, opposite-direction forces that two interacting bodies exert on each other in accordance with Newton's third law. | 作用力与反作用力对：两个相互作用物体依据牛顿第三定律彼此施加的一对等大反向力。 |
| force sensor | UK: /fɔːs ˈsensə/ US: /fɔːrs ˈsensɚ/ | A transducer that converts an applied force into a measurable electrical signal. | 力传感器：把所受力转换为可测电信号的换能器。 |
| free-body diagram | UK: /friː ˈbɒdi ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /friː ˈbɑːdi ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A diagram showing all external forces acting on one chosen body. | 受力图：表示作用在所选物体上的全部外力的图。 |
| friction | UK: /ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /ˈfrɪkʃən/ | A tangential contact force that opposes relative sliding or the tendency to slide between surfaces. | 摩擦力：沿接触面切向、阻碍表面间相对滑动或相对滑动趋势的接触力。 |
| Hooke's law | UK: /hʊks lɔː/ US: /hʊks lɔː/ | Within the proportional limit, the elastic restoring force is proportional to displacement from equilibrium and acts in the opposite direction, . | 胡克定律：在正比极限内，弹性回复力与相对平衡位置的位移成正比且方向相反，即 。 |
| impulse | UK: /ˈɪmpʌls/ US: /ˈɪmpʌls/ | The time integral of force; the resultant impulse on a body equals its change in momentum. | 冲量：力对时间的积分；物体所受合冲量等于其动量变化量。 |
| inclined plane | UK: /ɪnˈklaɪnd pleɪn/ US: /ɪnˈklaɪnd pleɪn/ | A flat surface tilted relative to the horizontal, commonly used to resolve weight into components parallel and perpendicular to the surface. | 斜面：相对于水平面倾斜的平面，常用于把重力分解为平行于斜面和垂直于斜面的分量。 |
| inelastic collision | UK: /ˌɪnɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ US: /ˌɪnəˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ | A collision in which total kinetic energy is not conserved; total momentum is conserved if the external impulse is zero. | 非弹性碰撞：总动能不守恒的碰撞；若合外冲量为零，总动量仍守恒。 |
| inertia | UK: /ɪˈnɜːʃə/ US: /ˌɪˈnɝːʃə/ | The property of a body by which it resists a change in velocity; mass is its quantitative measure. | 惯性：物体抵抗速度变化的性质，质量是其定量量度。 |
| limiting friction | UK: /ˈlɪmɪtɪŋ ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /ˈlɪmətɪŋ ˈfrɪkʃən/ | The maximum possible static friction immediately before slipping begins. | 最大静摩擦力：物体即将滑动前静摩擦力所能达到的最大值。 |
| mass | UK: /mæs/ US: /mæs/ | A scalar measure of a body's inertia. | 质量：物体惯性大小的标量量度。 |
| momentum | UK: /məˈmentəm/ US: /moʊˈmentəm/ | The vector product of mass and velocity. | 动量：质量与速度的矢量乘积。 |
| Newton's first law | UK: /ˈnjuːtənz fɜːst lɔː/ US: /ˈnuːtənz fɝːst lɔː/ | An object remains at rest or in uniform straight-line motion unless acted on by a resultant external force. | 牛顿第一定律：若物体所受合外力为零，它将保持静止或匀速直线运动。 |
| Newton's second law | UK: /ˈnjuːtənz ˈsekənd lɔː/ US: /ˈnuːtənz ˈsekənd lɔː/ | The resultant force equals the rate of change of momentum; for constant mass, it equals mass times acceleration. | 牛顿第二定律：合力等于动量变化率；质量不变时等于质量与加速度的乘积。 |
| Newton's third law | UK: /ˈnjuːtənz θɜːd lɔː/ US: /ˈnuːtənz θɝːd lɔː/ | When two bodies interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other. | 牛顿第三定律：两个物体相互作用时，彼此施加大小相等、方向相反的力。 |
| normal contact force | UK: /ˈnɔːməl kənˈtækt fɔːs/ US: /ˈnɔːrməl ˈkɑːnˌtækt fɔːrs/ | The component of a contact force perpendicular to the contact surface. | 支持力：接触力垂直于接触面的分量。 |
| perfectly inelastic collision | UK: /ˈpɜːfɪktli ˌɪnɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ US: /ˈpɝːfɪktli ˌɪnəˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ | A collision after which the objects move together with a common velocity. | 完全非弹性碰撞：碰撞后物体粘在一起并以共同速度运动。 |
| period | UK: /ˈpɪərɪəd/ US: /ˈpɪriəd/ | The time taken to complete one full cycle or revolution. | 周期：完成一次完整循环或转动所需的时间。 |
| resultant force | UK: /rɪˈzʌltənt fɔːs/ US: /rɪˈzʌltənt fɔːrs/ | The vector sum of all forces acting on an object. | 合力：作用在物体上的所有力的矢量和。 |
| static friction | UK: /ˈstætɪk ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /ˈstætɪk ˈfrɪkʃən/ | Friction between surfaces that are not sliding relative to each other. | 静摩擦力：接触面之间尚未发生相对滑动时的摩擦力。 |
| tension | UK: /ˈtenʃən/ US: /ˈtenʃən/ | A pulling force transmitted through a stretched string, rope or cable. | 张力：由拉紧的绳、线或缆传递的拉力。 |
| terminal speed | UK: /ˈtɜːmɪnəl spiːd/ US: /ˈtɝːmənəl spiːd/ | The constant speed reached when the resultant force is zero and hence acceleration is zero. | 终端速率：物体所受合力为零、加速度为零时达到的恒定速率。 |
| uniform circular motion | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm ˈsɜːkjʊlə ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm ˈsɝːkjələr ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion at constant speed along a circular path. | 匀速圆周运动：物体以恒定速率沿圆周运动。 |
| viscous drag force | UK: /ˈvɪskəs dræɡ fɔːs/ US: /ˈvɪskəs dræɡ fɔːrs/ | A resistive force caused by motion through a fluid; for a small sphere in the Stokes-law regime, . | 黏滞阻力：物体在流体中运动时产生的阻力；对处于斯托克斯定律适用范围内的小球，。 |
| weight | UK: /weɪt/ US: /weɪt/ | The gravitational force acting on an object. | 重力：引力场对物体施加的力。 |
A.3 Work, energy and power
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| conservation of energy | UK: /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən əv ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌkɑːnsɚˈveɪʃən əv ˈenɚdʒi/ | The total energy of an isolated system remains constant, although energy may be transferred or transformed. | 能量守恒：孤立系统的总能量保持不变，但能量可以发生传递或形式转化。 |
| conservative force | UK: /kənˈsɜːvətɪv fɔːs/ US: /kənˈsɝːvətɪv fɔːrs/ | A force whose work between two positions is independent of path; equivalently, its work around any closed path is zero. | 保守力：在两位置之间做功与路径无关的力；等价地，它沿任意闭合路径所做的功为零。 |
| dissipation | UK: /ˌdɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/ US: /ˌdɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/ | The transfer of energy into the internal energy of a system and its surroundings, making that energy less available for useful mechanical work while total energy remains conserved. | 耗散：能量转移为系统及周围环境的内能，使其较难再用于有用机械功，而总能量仍守恒。 |
| efficiency | UK: /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ US: /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ | The ratio of useful work out to total work in, equivalently useful power out to total power in. | 效率：有用输出功与总输入功之比；也等于有用输出功率与总输入功率之比。 |
| elastic potential energy | UK: /ɪˈlæstɪk pəˈtenʃəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ɪˈlæstɪk pəˈtenʃəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | Energy stored when an elastic object is stretched or compressed. | 弹性势能：弹性物体被拉伸或压缩时储存的能量。 |
| energy | UK: /ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi/ | A conserved scalar property of a system that can be transferred between systems or transformed between forms. | 能量：系统的一种守恒标量属性，可以在系统之间传递或在不同形式之间转化。 |
| energy density of a fuel | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈdensɪti əv ə ˈfjuːəl/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈdensəti əv ə ˈfjuːəl/ | The energy available from a fuel per specified mass or volume; the denominator is identified by the units. | 燃料能量密度：燃料单位质量或单位体积可提供的能量；具体分母由单位判定。 |
| energy transfer | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈtrænsfɜː/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈtrænsfɝː/ | The movement of energy from one system or part of a system to another, for example by work, heating or radiation. | 能量传递：能量从一个系统或系统的一部分转移到另一部分，例如通过做功、传热或辐射。 |
| gravitational potential energy | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | Energy associated with the configuration of masses in a gravitational field. | 引力势能：质量系统在引力场中的相对位置或构型所对应的能量。 |
| kinetic energy | UK: /kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/ US: /kɪˈnetɪk ˈenɚdʒi/ | Energy associated with an object's motion. | 动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。 |
| mechanical energy | UK: /mɪˈkænɪkəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /məˈkænɪkəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | The sum of the kinetic energies and the relevant potential energies of a mechanical system. | 机械能：机械系统中各部分动能与相关势能之和。 |
| non-conservative force | UK: /ˌnɒn kənˈsɜːvətɪv fɔːs/ US: /ˌnɑːn kənˈsɝːvətɪv fɔːrs/ | A force for which the work done depends on the path taken, so its work can change the mechanical energy of a system. | 非保守力：所做功取决于路径的力，因此其做功可改变系统的机械能。 |
| power | UK: /ˈpaʊə/ US: /ˈpaʊɚ/ | The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. | 功率：做功或能量传递的速率。 |
| Sankey diagram | UK: /ˈsæŋki ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈsæŋki ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A diagram of energy transfers in which arrow widths are proportional to the corresponding energies or powers. | 桑基图：用箭头宽度按比例表示相应能量或功率的能量转移图。 |
| system | UK: /ˈsɪstəm/ US: /ˈsɪstəm/ | The object or collection of objects selected for analysis. | 系统：为分析而选定的物体或物体集合。 |
| useful power output | UK: /ˈjuːsfəl ˈpaʊə ˈaʊtpʊt/ US: /ˈjuːsfəl ˈpaʊɚ ˈaʊtpʊt/ | The rate at which a device transfers energy by the intended useful pathway. | 有用输出功率：装置通过预期有用途径传递能量的速率。 |
| work | UK: /wɜːk/ US: /wɝːk/ | Energy transferred mechanically when a force acts through a displacement. | 功：力通过位移以机械方式传递的能量。 |
| work done | UK: /wɜːk dʌn/ US: /wɝːk dʌn/ | For a constant force, the scalar product of force and displacement; more generally, the integral of force along the path. | 功：恒力情况下为力与位移的标量积；一般情况下为力沿路径的积分。 |
| work-energy theorem | UK: /wɜːk ˈenədʒi ˈθɪərəm/ US: /wɝːk ˈenɚdʒi ˈθɪrəm/ | The resultant work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. | 动能定理：合力对物体所做的功等于物体动能的变化量。 |
A.4 Rigid body mechanics
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| angular acceleration | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ | The rate of change of angular velocity. | 角加速度：角速度随时间的变化率。 |
| angular displacement | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ | The angle through which a body rotates, with a specified sense. | 角位移：物体沿指定转动方向转过的角度。 |
| angular impulse | UK: /ˈæŋɡjʊlə ˈɪmpʌls/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ ˈɪmpʌls/ | The product of average resultant torque and the time interval for which it acts, equal to the change in angular momentum. | 角冲量：平均合力矩与其作用时间的乘积，等于角动量的变化量。 |
| angular momentum | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə məˈmentəm/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ moʊˈmentəm/ | A vector measure of rotational motion; for a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, the axial angular momentum is . | 角动量：描述转动状态的矢量；刚体绕固定轴转动时，沿该轴的角动量为 。 |
| angular position | UK: /ˈæŋɡjʊlə pəˈzɪʃən/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ pəˈzɪʃən/ | The orientation of a body relative to a chosen angular reference. | 角位置：物体相对于所选角度参考方向的取向。 |
| angular velocity | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə vəˈlɒsɪti/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ vəˈlɑːsəti/ | The vector rate of change of angular displacement, directed along the rotation axis by the right-hand rule. | 角速度：角位移随时间的矢量变化率，其方向按右手定则沿转轴确定。 |
| axis of rotation | UK: /ˈæksɪs əv rəʊˈteɪʃən/ US: /ˈæksəs əv roʊˈteɪʃən/ | The line about which a body rotates. | 转轴：物体发生转动所围绕的直线。 |
| axle | UK: /ˈæksəl/ US: /ˈæksəl/ | A shaft about which a wheel, pulley or other body rotates. | 轴：轮、滑轮或其他物体绕其转动的杆状部件。 |
| centre of mass | UK: /ˈsentə əv mæs/ US: /ˈsentɚ əv mæs/ | The mass-weighted mean position of a body or system; its translational motion follows the resultant external force. | 质心：物体或系统质量分布的加权平均位置；其平动由合外力决定。 |
| conservation of angular momentum | UK: /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən əv ˈænɡjʊlə məˈmentəm/ US: /ˌkɑːnsɚˈveɪʃən əv ˈæŋɡjəlɚ moʊˈmentəm/ | Total angular momentum remains constant when resultant external torque is zero. | 角动量守恒：当合外力矩为零时，系统总角动量保持不变。 |
| line of action | UK: /laɪn əv ˈækʃən/ US: /laɪn əv ˈækʃən/ | The infinite straight line along which a force acts. | 作用线：力矢量所在的无限延伸直线。 |
| moment arm | UK: /ˈməʊmənt ɑːm/ US: /ˈmoʊmənt ɑːrm/ | The perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of a force. | 力臂：转轴到力的作用线之间的垂直距离。 |
| moment of inertia | UK: /ˈməʊmənt əv ɪˈnɜːʃə/ US: /ˈmoʊmənt əv ˌɪˈnɝːʃə/ | A scalar measure of how mass is distributed relative to a chosen rotation axis and hence of resistance to angular acceleration about that axis. | 转动惯量：质量相对于所选转轴分布的标量量度，表征物体绕该轴抵抗角加速度的程度。 |
| pulley | UK: /ˈpʊli/ US: /ˈpʊli/ | A wheel over which a string or belt passes; if its rotational inertia is not negligible, the tensions on its two sides need not be equal. | 滑轮：绳或带绕过的轮；若其转动惯量不可忽略，轮两侧的张力不一定相等。 |
| pure rolling | UK: /pjʊə ˈrəʊlɪŋ/ US: /pjʊr ˈroʊlɪŋ/ | Another term for rolling without slipping. | 纯滚动：无滑动滚动的同义术语。 |
| resultant torque | UK: /rɪˈzʌltənt tɔːk/ US: /rɪˈzʌltənt tɔːrk/ | The vector sum, or signed sum about a specified axis, of all torques acting on a body. | 合力矩：物体所受全部力矩的矢量和，或相对于指定转轴的带符号代数和。 |
| rigid body | UK: /ˈrɪdʒɪd ˈbɒdi/ US: /ˈrɪdʒəd ˈbɑːdi/ | An idealized body whose shape and dimensions do not change. | 刚体：形状和尺寸保持不变的理想化物体。 |
| rolling without slipping | UK: /ˈrəʊlɪŋ wɪˈðaʊt ˈslɪpɪŋ/ US: /ˈroʊlɪŋ wɪˈθaʊt ˈslɪpɪŋ/ | Combined translation and rotation with no relative motion at the contact point. | 无滑动滚动：平动与转动同时发生，接触点相对地面瞬时静止。 |
| rotational equilibrium | UK: /rəʊˈteɪʃənəl ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /roʊˈteɪʃənəl ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which the resultant torque is zero. | 转动平衡：物体所受合力矩为零的状态。 |
| rotational kinetic energy | UK: /rəʊˈteɪʃənəl kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/ US: /roʊˈteɪʃənəl kɪˈnetɪk ˈenɚdʒi/ | The kinetic energy associated with rotation. | 转动动能：物体由于转动而具有的动能。 |
| rotational motion | UK: /rəʊˈteɪʃənəl ˈməʊʃən/ US: /roʊˈteɪʃənəl ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion of a body about an axis. | 转动：物体绕某一轴线的运动。 |
| static equilibrium | UK: /ˈstætɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /ˈstætɪk ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which a body is at rest and both the resultant force and resultant torque are zero. | 静力平衡：物体静止且合力与合力矩均为零的状态。 |
| torque | UK: /tɔːk/ US: /tɔːrk/ | The vector turning effect of a force about a chosen point or axis. | 力矩：力相对于所选点或转轴产生的矢量转动效应。 |
| translational equilibrium | UK: /trænˈsleɪʃənəl ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /trænzˈleɪʃənəl ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which the resultant force is zero. | 平动平衡：物体所受合力为零的状态。 |
| translational motion | UK: /trænˈsleɪʃənəl ˈməʊʃən/ US: /trænzˈleɪʃənəl ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion in which every point of a body has the same displacement. | 平动：物体上各点具有相同位移的运动。 |
A.5 Galilean and special relativity
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| event | UK: /ɪˈvent/ US: /ɪˈvent/ | Something that occurs at one position and one instant. | 事件：发生在某一位置和某一时刻的物理现象。 |
| Galilean relativity | UK: /ˌɡælɪˈleɪən rɪləˈtɪvɪti/ US: /ˌɡælɪˈliːən ˌreləˈtɪvəti/ | The principle that Newtonian mechanics has the same form in all inertial frames. | 伽利略相对性原理：牛顿力学定律在所有惯性参考系中形式相同。 |
| Galilean transformation | UK: /ˌɡælɪˈleɪən ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/ US: /ˌɡælɪˈliːən ˌtrænsfɚˈmeɪʃən/ | The classical equations relating event coordinates in uniformly moving frames. | 伽利略变换：联系相对匀速运动参考系中事件坐标的经典变换。 |
| inertial reference frame | UK: /ɪˈnɜːʃəl ˈrefərəns freɪm/ US: /ˌɪˈnɝːʃəl ˈrefərəns freɪm/ | A reference frame in which a free body has constant velocity and Newton's first law holds. | 惯性参考系：自由物体保持恒定速度、牛顿第一定律成立的参考系。 |
| invariant quantity | UK: /ɪnˈveəriənt ˈkwɒntɪti/ US: /ˌɪnˈveriənt ˈkwɑːntəti/ | A quantity that has the same value in all relevant reference frames. | 不变量：在所有相关参考系中取值相同的物理量。 |
| length contraction | UK: /leŋθ kənˈtrækʃən/ US: /leŋkθ kənˈtrækʃən/ | The measured length of an object parallel to relative motion is shorter than its proper length. | 长度收缩：物体沿相对运动方向测得的长度小于其固有长度。 |
| Lorentz factor | UK: /ˈlɒrənts ˈfæktə/ US: /ˈlɔːrents ˈfæktɚ/ | The factor that determines the size of relativistic effects at a given relative speed. | 洛伦兹因子：决定给定相对速度下相对论效应大小的因子。 |
| Lorentz transformation | UK: /ˈlɒrənts ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/ US: /ˈlɔːrents ˌtrænsfɚˈmeɪʃən/ | The relativistic equations relating space and time coordinates in inertial frames. | 洛伦兹变换：联系不同惯性系中时空坐标的相对论变换。 |
| low-speed limit | UK: /ləʊ spiːd ˈlɪmɪt/ US: /loʊ spiːd ˈlɪmət/ | The regime in which relativistic predictions approach the corresponding classical results. | 低速极限：在 时，相对论结果趋近相应经典结果的范围。 |
| muon decay | UK: /ˈmjuːɒn dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈmjuːɑːn dɪˈkeɪ/ | The spontaneous transformation of a muon into lighter particles. | 缪子衰变：缪子自发转化为较轻粒子的过程。 |
| observer | UK: /əbˈzɜːvə/ US: /əbˈzɝːvɚ/ | An idealized measurer at rest in a specified reference frame who assigns coordinates and times to events. | 观察者：静止于指定参考系中、为事件指定坐标和时间的理想化测量者。 |
| postulate | UK: /ˈpɒstʃələt/ US: /ˈpɑːstʃələt/ | A fundamental assumption adopted as a basis of a theory. | 公设：作为理论基础而接受的基本假设。 |
| proper length | UK: /ˈprɒpə leŋθ/ US: /ˈprɑːpɚ leŋkθ/ | The length of an object measured simultaneously in the object's rest frame. | 固有长度：在物体自身静止参考系中同时测量得到的长度。 |
| proper time | UK: /ˈprɒpə taɪm/ US: /ˈprɑːpɚ taɪm/ | The time interval between two events measured by a single clock present at both events. | 固有时：由同时经过两个事件的同一只时钟测得的时间间隔。 |
| reference frame | UK: /ˈrefərəns freɪm/ US: /ˈrefərəns freɪm/ | A coordinate system together with synchronized clocks used to assign positions and times to events. | 参考系：由坐标系统和同步时钟组成，用于给事件指定位置和时间。 |
| relativistic velocity addition | UK: /ˌrelətɪˈvɪstɪk vəˈlɒsɪti əˈdɪʃən/ US: /ˌrelətɪˈvɪstɪk vəˈlɑːsəti əˈdɪʃən/ | The velocity transformation consistent with an invariant speed of light. | 相对论速度变换：与光速不变相一致的速度合成关系。 |
| relativity of simultaneity | UK: /rɪləˈtɪvɪti əv ˌsɪməlˈteɪnɪti/ US: /ˌreləˈtɪvəti əv ˌsaɪməltəˈniːəti/ | The dependence of simultaneity of separated events on the observer's frame. | 同时性的相对性：空间分离事件是否同时取决于观察者参考系。 |
| rest frame | UK: /rest freɪm/ US: /rest freɪm/ | A frame in which a specified object is at rest. | 静止参考系：指定物体在其中保持静止的参考系。 |
| simultaneous events | UK: /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəs ɪˈvents/ US: /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəs ɪˈvents/ | Events assigned the same time coordinate in a specified reference frame. | 同时事件：在指定参考系中具有相同时间坐标的事件。 |
| space-time diagram | UK: /speɪs taɪm ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /speɪs taɪm ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A diagram representing position and time coordinates of events. | 时空图：表示事件空间坐标和时间坐标的图。 |
| space-time interval | UK: /speɪs taɪm ˈɪntəvəl/ US: /speɪs taɪm ˈɪntɚvəl/ | The Lorentz-invariant combination of the temporal and spatial separations between two events. | 时空间隔：由两个事件的时间间隔和空间间隔构成的洛伦兹不变量。 |
| special relativity | UK: /ˈspeʃəl rɪləˈtɪvɪti/ US: /ˈspeʃəl ˌreləˈtɪvəti/ | The theory based on the equivalence of inertial frames and the invariance of the speed of light in vacuum. | 狭义相对论：以所有惯性系等价以及真空光速不变为基础的理论。 |
| speed of light | UK: /spiːd əv laɪt/ US: /spiːd əv laɪt/ | The invariant speed of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum. | 光速：电磁辐射在真空中的不变传播速率。 |
| time dilation | UK: /taɪm daɪˈleɪʃən/ US: /taɪm ˌdaɪˈleɪʃən/ | The relation by which the time interval between two events is greater in a frame where they occur at different positions than the proper time. | 时间膨胀：当两个事件在某参考系中发生于不同位置时，该系测得的时间间隔大于固有时。 |
| velocity addition | UK: /vəˈlɒsɪti əˈdɪʃən/ US: /vəˈlɑːsəti əˈdɪʃən/ | A relation connecting the velocity of an object measured in different frames. | 速度变换：联系不同参考系中所测物体速度的关系。 |
| world line | UK: /wɜːld laɪn/ US: /wɝːld laɪn/ | The path of an object through space-time. | 世界线：物体在时空中形成的轨迹。 |
B.1 Thermal energy transfers
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| absolute zero | UK: /ˈæbsəˌluːt ˈzɪərəʊ/ US: /ˈæbsəˌluːt ˈzɪroʊ/ | The zero of thermodynamic temperature, equal to 0 K or −273.15 °C. | 绝对零度：热力学温度的零点，等于 0 K 或 −273.15 °C。 |
| apparent brightness | UK: /əˈpærənt ˈbraɪtnəs/ US: /əˈperənt ˈbraɪtnəs/ | The radiant power received per unit area from an astronomical source. | 视亮度：从天体辐射源接收到的单位面积辐射功率。 |
| black body | UK: /blæk ˈbɒdi/ US: /blæk ˈbɑːdi/ | An ideal body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation and, at a given temperature, emits the maximum possible thermal radiation. | 黑体：吸收全部入射电磁辐射，并在给定温度下发射最大可能热辐射的理想物体。 |
| black-body spectrum | UK: /blæk ˈbɒdi ˈspektrəm/ US: /blæk ˈbɑːdi ˈspektrəm/ | The continuous distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an ideal black body as a function of wavelength or frequency. | 黑体光谱：理想黑体发出的电磁辐射随波长或频率变化的连续分布。 |
| boiling | UK: /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ/ US: /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ/ | Vaporization throughout a liquid at its boiling temperature. | 沸腾：液体在沸点处整体发生的汽化。 |
| calorimeter | UK: /ˌkæləˈrɪmɪtə/ US: /ˌkæləˈrɪmətɚ/ | An insulated apparatus used to measure thermal energy transfers from temperature or phase changes. | 量热器：通过温度变化或相变来测量热能传递的隔热装置。 |
| Celsius scale | UK: /ˈselsiəs skeɪl/ US: /ˈselsiəs skeɪl/ | A temperature scale whose degree has the same size as the kelvin and for which 0 °C corresponds to 273.15 K. | 摄氏温标：分度大小与开尔文相同，且 0 °C 对应 273.15 K 的温标。 |
| condensation | UK: /kɒndɪnˈseɪʃən/ US: /ˌkɑːndənˈseɪʃən/ | The change from gas to liquid. | 凝结：物质由气态变为液态。 |
| conduction | UK: /kənˈdʌkʃən/ US: /kənˈdʌkʃən/ | Thermal energy transfer through microscopic particle interactions, without bulk transport of matter. | 热传导：通过微观粒子相互作用传递热能，而不伴随物质的宏观输运。 |
| convection | UK: /kənˈvekʃən/ US: /kənˈvekʃən/ | Thermal energy transfer by the bulk motion of a fluid. | 对流：通过流体的宏观运动传递热能。 |
| density | UK: /ˈdensɪti/ US: /ˈdensəti/ | Mass per unit volume. | 密度：单位体积所含的质量。 |
| evaporation | UK: /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/ US: /ɪˌvæpɚˈeɪʃən/ | Vaporization from the surface of a liquid below or at its boiling point. | 蒸发：液体表面在沸点以下或沸点处发生的汽化。 |
| freezing | UK: /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ US: /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ | The change from liquid to solid. | 凝固：物质由液态变为固态。 |
| gas | UK: /ɡæs/ US: /ɡæs/ | A state of matter with neither fixed shape nor fixed volume. | 气体：既无固定形状也无固定体积的物态。 |
| heat capacity | UK: /hiːt kəˈpæsɪti/ US: /hiːt kəˈpæsəti/ | The thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a whole body by one kelvin, under stated conditions. | 热容量：在给定条件下使整个物体温度升高一开尔文所需传递的热能。 |
| internal energy | UK: /ɪnˈtɜːnəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌɪnˈtɝːnəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | The total microscopic kinetic and potential energy within a system, excluding its macroscopic kinetic and potential energies. | 内能：系统内部微观动能和微观势能的总和，不包括系统整体的宏观动能和势能。 |
| Kelvin scale | UK: /ˈkelvɪn skeɪl/ US: /ˈkelvən skeɪl/ | The absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, with zero kelvin at absolute zero. | 开尔文温标：以绝对零度为零开尔文的热力学绝对温标。 |
| liquid | UK: /ˈlɪkwɪd/ US: /ˈlɪkwəd/ | A state of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape. | 液体：具有固定体积但无固定形状的物态。 |
| luminosity | UK: /ˌluːmɪˈnɒsɪti/ US: /ˌluːməˈnɑːsəti/ | The total power radiated by a body. | 光度：物体辐射的总功率。 |
| melting | UK: /ˈmeltɪŋ/ US: /ˈmeltɪŋ/ | The change from solid to liquid. | 熔化：物质由固态变为液态。 |
| particle model | UK: /ˈpɑːtɪkəl ˈmɒdəl/ US: /ˈpɑːrtəkəl ˈmɑːdəl/ | A model that explains matter in terms of moving and interacting particles. | 粒子模型：用运动和相互作用的粒子解释物质性质的模型。 |
| peak wavelength | UK: /piːk ˈweɪvleŋθ/ US: /piːk ˈweɪvleŋθ/ | The wavelength at which a spectrum has its maximum spectral intensity; for a black body it obeys Wien's displacement law. | 峰值波长：光谱强度达到最大值处的波长；对黑体而言满足维恩位移定律。 |
| phase change | UK: /feɪz tʃeɪndʒ/ US: /feɪz tʃeɪndʒ/ | A change of state occurring through a change in particle arrangement and energy. | 相变：由粒子排列和能量变化导致的物态转变。 |
| solid | UK: /ˈsɒlɪd/ US: /ˈsɑːləd/ | A state of matter with fixed volume and shape under ordinary conditions. | 固体：通常具有固定体积和固定形状的物态。 |
| specific heat capacity | UK: /spɪˈsɪfɪk hiːt kəˈpæsɪti/ US: /spəˈsɪfɪk hiːt kəˈpæsəti/ | The energy required per unit mass to raise a substance's temperature by one kelvin, without a change of state. | 比热容：在不发生相变时，使单位质量物质温度升高一开尔文所需的能量。 |
| specific latent heat | UK: /spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt/ US: /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt/ | The energy transferred per unit mass during a specified change of state at constant temperature. | 比潜热：物质在恒温发生指定相变时，单位质量所传递的能量。 |
| specific latent heat of fusion | UK: /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt əv ˈfjuːʒən/ US: /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt əv ˈfjuːʒən/ | The energy transferred per unit mass to change a substance between solid and liquid at constant temperature. | 熔化比潜热：物质在恒温下于固态和液态之间发生相变时，每单位质量所需传递的能量。 |
| specific latent heat of vaporization | UK: /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt əv ˌveɪpəraɪˈzeɪʃən/ US: /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈleɪtənt hiːt əv ˌveɪpərəˈzeɪʃən/ | The energy transferred per unit mass to change a substance between liquid and gas at constant temperature. | 汽化比潜热：物质在恒温下于液态和气态之间发生相变时，每单位质量所需传递的能量。 |
| Stefan-Boltzmann law | UK: /ˈstefən ˈbɒltsmən lɔː/ US: /ˈstefən ˈboʊltsmən lɔː/ | The law relating black-body luminosity to area and the fourth power of temperature. | 斯特藩–玻尔兹曼定律：黑体光度与表面积及绝对温度四次方之间的关系。 |
| temperature | UK: /ˈtemprətʃə/ US: /ˈtemprətʃɚ/ | A thermodynamic state quantity that determines the direction of net thermal energy transfer; for an ideal gas it is proportional to mean translational kinetic energy. | 温度：决定净热能传递方向的热力学状态量；对理想气体，它与粒子平均平动动能成正比。 |
| temperature gradient | UK: /ˈtemprətʃə ˈɡreɪdɪənt/ US: /ˈtemprətʃɚ ˈɡreɪdiənt/ | The signed change in temperature per unit distance; thermal energy transfer by conduction is directed opposite to this gradient. | 温度梯度：温度随距离的有符号变化率；热传导的能量转移方向与温度梯度方向相反。 |
| thermal conductivity | UK: /ˈθɜːməl kɒndʌkˈtɪvɪti/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˌkɑːnˌdʌkˈtɪvəti/ | A material property measuring its ability to conduct thermal energy. | 热导率：衡量材料传导热能能力的物理量。 |
| thermal equilibrium | UK: /ˈθɜːməl ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which systems in thermal contact have no net energy transfer between them by heating. | 热平衡：相互热接触的系统之间不存在由传热造成的净能量传递的状态。 |
| thermal insulation | UK: /ˈθɜːməl ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/ | Material or an arrangement used to reduce thermal energy transfer between a system and its surroundings. | 隔热：用于减少系统与环境之间热能传递的材料或布置。 |
| thermal radiation | UK: /ˈθɜːməl ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | Electromagnetic radiation emitted by matter because of its temperature, transferring energy without requiring a material medium. | 热辐射：物质因其温度而发射的电磁辐射，可在不需要物质介质的情况下传递能量。 |
| thermocouple | UK: /ˈθɜːməʊkʌpəl/ US: /ˈθɝːmoʊkʌpəl/ | A temperature sensor that produces an emf related to the temperature difference between junctions of dissimilar conductors. | 热电偶：由不同导体接点间温差产生相关电动势的温度传感器。 |
| thermometer | UK: /θəˈmɒmɪtə/ US: /θɚˈmɑːmətɚ/ | An instrument used to measure temperature through a calibrated temperature-dependent property. | 温度计：利用经校准的温度相关物理性质测量温度的仪器。 |
| Wien's displacement law | UK: /viːnz dɪˈspleɪsmənt lɔː/ US: /viːnz dɪˈspleɪsmənt lɔː/ | The law relating a black body's peak wavelength to its temperature. | 维恩位移定律：黑体辐射峰值波长与温度之间的关系。 |
B.2 Greenhouse effect
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| absorption | UK: /əbˈzɔːpʃən/ US: /əbˈzɔːrpʃən/ | The transfer of radiation energy into matter. | 吸收：辐射能量转移到物质中的过程。 |
| albedo | UK: /ælˈbiːdəʊ/ US: /ælˈbiːdoʊ/ | The fraction of incident radiant power that a surface or body reflects. | 反照率：表面或天体反射的入射辐射功率所占比例。 |
| carbon dioxide | UK: /ˈkɑːbən daɪˈɒkˌsaɪd/ US: /ˈkɑːrbən daɪˈɑːkˌsaɪd/ | A greenhouse gas whose atmospheric concentration is increased by fossil-fuel combustion. | 二氧化碳：化石燃料燃烧会提高其大气浓度的一种温室气体。 |
| climate feedback | UK: /ˈklaɪmɪt ˈfiːdˌbæk/ US: /ˈklaɪmət ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | A process that amplifies or reduces an initial climate change. | 气候反馈：放大或削弱初始气候变化的过程。 |
| emission | UK: /ɪˈmɪʃən/ US: /ɪˈmɪʃən/ | The release of electromagnetic radiation by matter. | 发射：物质向外释放电磁辐射的过程。 |
| emissivity | UK: /ˌemɪˈsɪvəti/ US: /ˌemɪˈsɪvəti/ | At a stated wavelength or over a stated spectrum, the ratio of a surface's emitted radiative power to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature and area. | 发射率：在指定波长或光谱范围内，表面辐射功率与同温、同面积理想黑体辐射功率之比。 |
| energy balance | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈbæləns/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈbæləns/ | An accounting of energy entering, leaving and being stored in a system. | 能量收支：对系统输入、输出及储存能量的核算。 |
| enhanced greenhouse effect | UK: /ɪnˈhɑːnst ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ US: /enˈhænst ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ | Additional warming caused by increased greenhouse-gas concentrations. | 增强温室效应：温室气体浓度增加导致的额外增温。 |
| fossil fuel | UK: /ˈfɒsəl ˈfjuːəl/ US: /ˈfɑːsəl ˈfjuːəl/ | A carbon-containing fuel formed from ancient biological material; its combustion is a major anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases. | 化石燃料：由古代生物物质形成的含碳燃料；其燃烧是人为温室气体的重要来源。 |
| greenhouse effect | UK: /ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ US: /ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ | The warming of a planet's surface and lower atmosphere because the atmosphere absorbs and re-emits outgoing infrared radiation. | 温室效应：大气吸收并重新发射向外的红外辐射，使行星表面和低层大气增温的效应。 |
| greenhouse gas | UK: /ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɡæs/ US: /ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɡæs/ | An atmospheric gas that absorbs and emits infrared radiation at relevant wavelengths. | 温室气体：能够在相关波段吸收和发射红外辐射的大气气体。 |
| infrared radiation | UK: /ˌɪnfrəˈred ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˌɪnfrɚˈed ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light. | 红外辐射：波长长于可见光的电磁辐射。 |
| methane | UK: /ˈmiːθeɪn/ US: /ˈmeθeɪn/ | The greenhouse gas , which absorbs and emits infrared radiation in particular wavelength bands. | 甲烷：温室气体 ，会在特定波段吸收和发射红外辐射。 |
| natural greenhouse effect | UK: /ˈnætʃrəl ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ US: /ˈnætʃɚəl ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs ɪˈfekt/ | The greenhouse warming that occurs naturally in a planetary atmosphere. | 自然温室效应：行星大气中自然存在的温室增温作用。 |
| nitrous oxide | UK: /ˈnaɪtrəs ˈɒksaɪd/ US: /ˈnaɪtrəs ˈɑːksaɪd/ | The greenhouse gas , with both natural and human-related sources. | 一氧化二氮：温室气体 ，既有自然来源，也有人类活动来源。 |
| radiative equilibrium | UK: /ˈreɪdiətɪv ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /ˈreɪdiətɪv ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which absorbed and emitted radiative powers are balanced. | 辐射平衡：吸收辐射功率与发射辐射功率相等的状态。 |
| radiative forcing | UK: /ˈreɪdiətɪv ˈfɔːsɪŋ/ US: /ˈreɪdiətɪv ˈfɔːrsɪŋ/ | A change in the net radiative energy flux of a climate system. | 辐射强迫：气候系统净辐射能流发生的变化。 |
| re-emission | UK: /ˌriːɪˈmɪʃən/ US: /ˌriːɪˈmɪʃən/ | The emission of energy after it has previously been absorbed. | 再发射：物质吸收能量后再次以辐射形式释放能量。 |
| resonance model | UK: /ˈrezənəns ˈmɒdəl/ US: /ˈrezənəns ˈmɑːdəl/ | A model in which greenhouse-gas molecules absorb infrared radiation when its frequency matches an allowed molecular mode or transition. | 共振模型：当红外辐射频率与分子允许的振动模式或能级跃迁相匹配时，温室气体分子吸收辐射的模型。 |
| solar constant | UK: /ˈsəʊlə ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˈsoʊlɚ ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The solar irradiance received per unit area normal to the Sun's rays at Earth's mean orbital distance. | 太阳常数：在地球平均轨道距离处、垂直于太阳光线的单位面积所接收的太阳辐照度。 |
| water vapour | UK: /ˈwɔːtə ˈveɪpə/ US: /ˈwɔːtɚ ˈveɪpɚ/ | Water in the gas phase, an important naturally occurring greenhouse gas. | 水蒸气：气态水，是一种重要的天然温室气体。 |
B.3 Gas laws
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| absolute temperature | UK: /ˈæbsəˌluːt ˈtemprətʃə/ US: /ˈæbsəˌluːt ˈtemprətʃɚ/ | Thermodynamic temperature measured from absolute zero. | 绝对温度：以绝对零度为起点测量的热力学温度。 |
| amount of substance | UK: /əˈmaʊnt əv ˈsʌbstəns/ US: /əˈmaʊnt əv ˈsʌbstəns/ | A base quantity proportional to the number of specified elementary entities in a sample, measured in moles. | 物质的量：与样品中指定基本微粒数成正比的基本物理量，单位为摩尔。 |
| Avogadro constant | UK: /ˌævəˈɡɑːdrəʊ ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˌɑːvəˈɡɑːdroʊ ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The exact number of specified elementary entities per mole, . | 阿伏伽德罗常数：每摩尔所含指定基本微粒的精确数目，即 。 |
| Boltzmann constant | UK: /ˈbɒltsmən ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˈboʊltsmən ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The constant relating absolute temperature to energy on the particle scale. | 玻尔兹曼常量：把绝对温度与粒子尺度能量联系起来的常量 。 |
| Boyle's law | UK: /bɔɪlz lɔː/ US: /bɔɪlz lɔː/ | For fixed temperature and amount of gas, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. | 玻意耳定律：在温度和物质的量不变时，压强与体积成反比。 |
| Charles's law | UK: /ˈtʃɑːlzɪz lɔː/ US: /ˈtʃɑːrlzɪz lɔː/ | For fixed pressure and amount of gas, volume is proportional to absolute temperature. | 查理定律：在压强和物质的量不变时，体积与绝对温度成正比。 |
| elastic collision | UK: /ɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ US: /ɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒən/ | A collision in an isolated system in which total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. | 弹性碰撞：在孤立系统中总动量和总动能均守恒的碰撞。 |
| equation of state | UK: /ɪˈkweɪʒən əv steɪt/ US: /ɪˈkweɪʒən əv steɪt/ | A relation connecting pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas. | 状态方程：联系气体压强、体积、温度和物质的量的关系式。 |
| gas cylinder | UK: /ɡæs ˈsɪlɪndə/ US: /ɡæs ˈsɪləndɚ/ | A rigid cylindrical container used to hold a gas, often at a pressure different from atmospheric pressure. | 气瓶：用于盛装气体的刚性圆柱形容器，其中气体压强常不同于大气压。 |
| gas syringe | UK: /ɡæs sɪˈrɪndʒ/ US: /ɡæs sɪˈrɪndʒ/ | A graduated cylinder with a movable plunger used to contain and measure a gas volume. | 气体注射器：带可移动活塞、用于容纳并测量气体体积的有刻度圆筒。 |
| ideal gas | UK: /aɪˈdɪəl ɡæs/ US: /aɪˈdiːl ɡæs/ | A model gas of particles with negligible volume, no intermolecular forces except during collisions, and perfectly elastic collisions. | 理想气体：由体积可忽略的粒子组成，除碰撞外粒子间作用力可忽略，且碰撞完全弹性的模型气体。 |
| ideal gas law | UK: /aɪˈdɪəl ɡæs lɔː/ US: /aɪˈdiːl ɡæs lɔː/ | The equation relating pressure, volume, amount of substance and absolute temperature for an ideal gas. | 理想气体状态方程：联系理想气体压强、体积、物质的量和绝对温度的方程。 |
| kinetic theory | UK: /kɪˈnetɪk ˈθɪəri/ US: /kɪˈnetɪk ˈθɪri/ | A microscopic theory that explains the macroscopic behaviour of gases in terms of particle motion and collisions. | 气体动理论：用粒子运动和碰撞解释气体宏观行为的微观理论。 |
| manometer | UK: /məˈnɒmɪtə/ US: /məˈnɑːmətɚ/ | An instrument that determines a pressure or pressure difference, often from the height difference of liquid columns. | 压力计：测量压强或压强差的仪器，常通过液柱高度差进行测量。 |
| mean square speed | UK: /miːn skweə spiːd/ US: /miːn skwer spiːd/ | The average of the squares of particle speeds in a gas. | 均方速率：气体粒子速率平方的平均值。 |
| microscopic model | UK: /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk ˈmɒdəl/ US: /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɑːpɪk ˈmɑːdəl/ | A model describing macroscopic behaviour in terms of particles and their interactions. | 微观模型：用粒子及其相互作用解释宏观行为的模型。 |
| molar gas constant | UK: /ˈməʊlə ɡæs ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˈmoʊlɚ ɡæs ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The constant in the molar ideal-gas equation , equal to . | 摩尔气体常量：摩尔形式理想气体方程 中的常量 ，满足 。 |
| molar mass | UK: /ˈməʊlə mæs/ US: /ˈmoʊlər mæs/ | The mass of a substance divided by its amount of substance. | 摩尔质量：物质质量除以其物质的量。 |
| mole | UK: /məʊl/ US: /moʊl/ | The amount of substance containing exactly specified elementary entities. | 摩尔：包含恰好 个指定基本微粒的物质的量。 |
| molecular collision | UK: /məˈlekjʊlə kəˈlɪʒən/ US: /məˈlekjəlɚ kəˈlɪʒən/ | An interaction in which gas particles exchange momentum and energy. | 分子碰撞：气体粒子交换动量和能量的相互作用。 |
| piston | UK: /ˈpɪstən/ US: /ˈpɪstən/ | A movable, close-fitting component in a cylinder that can change the volume of an enclosed gas and transmit force. | 活塞：在气缸内紧密配合并可移动的部件，可改变封闭气体的体积并传递力。 |
| pressure | UK: /ˈpreʃə/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ/ | The normal force exerted per unit area. | 压强：单位面积上受到的法向力。 |
| pressure gauge | UK: /ˈpreʃə ɡeɪdʒ/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ ɡeɪdʒ/ | An instrument used to measure pressure, often relative to atmospheric pressure. | 压力表：测量压强的仪器，常测量相对于大气压的表压。 |
| pressure law | UK: /ˈpreʃə lɔː/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ lɔː/ | For fixed volume and amount of gas, pressure is proportional to absolute temperature. | 压强定律：在体积和物质的量不变时，压强与绝对温度成正比。 |
| pressure sensor | UK: /ˈpreʃə ˈsensə/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ ˈsensɚ/ | A transducer that converts pressure into a measurable signal. | 压强传感器：把压强转换为可测信号的换能器。 |
| real gas | UK: /rɪəl ɡæs/ US: /ˈriːəl ɡæs/ | A gas whose particles have finite volume and intermolecular interactions, so it may depart from the ideal-gas model. | 真实气体：粒子具有有限体积且存在分子间相互作用，因而可能偏离理想气体模型的气体。 |
| root-mean-square speed | UK: /ruːt miːn skweə spiːd/ US: /ruːt miːn skwer spiːd/ | The square root of the mean square speed. | 方均根速率：均方速率的平方根。 |
B.4 Thermodynamics
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| adiabatic process | UK: /ˌeɪdiəˈbætɪk ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˌeɪdiəˈbætɪk ˈprɑːses/ | A thermodynamic process in which no energy is transferred by heating between the system and its surroundings. | 绝热过程：系统与环境之间没有通过传热方式交换能量的热力学过程。 |
| boundary | UK: /ˈbaʊndri/ US: /ˈbaʊndɚi/ | The real or imaginary surface separating a system from its surroundings. | 边界：分隔系统与环境的真实或假想表面。 |
| Carnot efficiency | UK: /kɑːˈnəʊ ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ US: /kɑːrˈnoʊ ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ | The maximum theoretical efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating between two specified reservoir temperatures. | 卡诺效率：在两个给定热库温度之间工作的可逆热机所能达到的理论最大效率。 |
| Clausius sign convention | UK: /ˈklaʊziəs saɪn kənˈvenʃən/ US: /ˈklaʊziəs saɪn kənˈvenʃən/ | The convention used in the course in which is positive for resultant thermal energy supplied to a system and is positive for resultant work done by the system. | 克劳修斯符号约定：本课程采用的约定，其中系统获得的净热能使 为正，系统对外所做的净功使 为正。 |
| closed system | UK: /kləʊzd ˈsɪstəm/ US: /kloʊzd ˈsɪstəm/ | A system that can exchange energy with its surroundings but does not exchange matter across its boundary. | 封闭系统：可以与环境交换能量、但不跨边界交换物质的系统。 |
| compression | UK: /kəmˈpreʃən/ US: /kəmˈpreʃən/ | A process in which the volume of a system decreases. | 压缩：系统体积减小的过程。 |
| cyclic process | UK: /ˈsaɪklɪk ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˈsaɪklɪk ˈprɑːses/ | A process that returns a system to its initial thermodynamic state. | 循环过程：系统最终回到初始热力学状态的过程。 |
| entropy | UK: /ˈentrəpi/ US: /ˈentrəpi/ | A thermodynamic state function; in the statistical model used in the course, a macrostate of multiplicity has entropy . | 熵：热力学状态函数；在课程采用的统计模型中，多重度为 的宏观状态满足 。 |
| expansion | UK: /ɪkˈspænʃən/ US: /ɪkˈspænʃən/ | A process in which the volume of a system increases. | 膨胀：系统体积增大的过程。 |
| first law of thermodynamics | UK: /fɜːst lɔː əv ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ US: /fɝːst lɔː əv ˌθɝːmoʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ | Using the IB sign convention, , where is the work done by the system. | 热力学第一定律：按 IB 的符号约定，，其中 为系统对外做的功。 |
| heat | UK: /hiːt/ US: /hiːt/ | Energy transferred between systems solely because of a temperature difference. | 热量：仅由于温度差而在系统之间传递的能量。 |
| heat engine | UK: /hiːt ˈendʒɪn/ US: /hiːt ˈendʒən/ | A cyclic device that absorbs energy by heating from a hot reservoir, does net work and rejects energy to a colder reservoir. | 热机：从高温热库吸收热量、对外做净功并向低温热库放热的循环装置。 |
| internal energy | UK: /ɪnˈtɜːnəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌɪnˈtɝːnəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | The total microscopic kinetic and potential energy within a system, excluding its macroscopic kinetic and potential energies. | 内能：系统内部微观动能和微观势能的总和，不包括系统整体的宏观动能和势能。 |
| irreversible process | UK: /ɪrɪˈvɜːsəbəl ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˌɪrɪˈvɝːsəbəl ˈprɑːses/ | A real process that cannot be exactly reversed without net changes. | 不可逆过程：不能在无净变化条件下完全逆转的实际过程。 |
| isobaric process | UK: /ˌaɪsəʊˈbærɪk ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˌaɪsoʊˈbærɪk ˈprɑːses/ | A thermodynamic process at constant pressure. | 等压过程：压强保持不变的热力学过程。 |
| isochoric process | UK: /ˌaɪsəʊˈkɒrɪk ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˌaɪsoʊˈkɔːrɪk ˈprɑːses/ | A thermodynamic process at constant volume. | 等容过程：体积保持不变的热力学过程。 |
| isothermal process | UK: /ˌaɪsəʊˈθɜːməl ˈprəʊses/ US: /ˌaɪsoʊˈθɝːməl ˈprɑːses/ | A thermodynamic process at constant temperature. | 等温过程：温度保持不变的热力学过程。 |
| macrostate | UK: /ˈmækrəʊsteɪt/ US: /ˈmækroʊsteɪt/ | A macroscopic state specified by bulk variables such as pressure, volume and temperature. | 宏观态：由压强、体积和温度等宏观状态变量确定的状态。 |
| microstate | UK: /ˈmaɪkrəʊsteɪt/ US: /ˈmaɪkroʊsteɪt/ | One particular microscopic arrangement of the particles consistent with a macrostate. | 微观态：与某一宏观态相容的一种特定粒子微观排列。 |
| multiplicity | UK: /ˌmʌltɪˈplɪsɪti/ US: /ˌmʌltəˈplɪsɪti/ | The number of microscopic arrangements corresponding to a macroscopic state. | 多重度：对应于某一宏观状态的微观排列数。 |
| pressure-volume diagram | UK: /ˈpreʃə ˈvɒljuːm ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ ˈvɑːljuːm ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A graph showing pressure as a function of volume during a thermodynamic process. | 压强–体积图：表示热力学过程中压强随体积变化的图。 |
| pressure-volume work | UK: /ˈpreʃə ˈvɒljuːm wɜːk/ US: /ˈpreʃɚ ˈvɑːljuːm wɝːk/ | Work associated with a change in system volume against an external pressure; for a constant-pressure process, for work done by the system. | 压强-体积功：系统体积在外界压强作用下发生变化时所做的功；恒压过程中，系统对外做功为 。 |
| reversible process | UK: /rɪˈvɜːsəbəl ˈprəʊses/ US: /rɪˈvɝːsəbəl ˈprɑːses/ | An ideal process that can be reversed without net change to system and surroundings. | 可逆过程：能够在系统和环境均无净变化的情况下反向进行的理想过程。 |
| second law of thermodynamics | UK: /ˈsekənd lɔː əv ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ US: /ˈsekənd lɔː əv ˌθɝːmoʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ | In an isolated system, total entropy cannot decrease; this determines the allowed direction of spontaneous macroscopic processes. | 热力学第二定律：孤立系统的总熵不会减小，由此确定宏观自发过程允许的方向。 |
| state variable | UK: /steɪt ˈveərɪəbəl/ US: /steɪt ˈveriəbəl/ | A macroscopic quantity determined by the equilibrium state of a system. | 状态变量：由系统平衡态决定的宏观物理量。 |
| surroundings | UK: /səˈraʊndɪŋz/ US: /sɚˈaʊndɪŋz/ | Everything outside the chosen thermodynamic system. | 环境：所选热力学系统之外的一切。 |
| thermal reservoir | UK: /ˈθɜːməl ˈrezəvˌwɑː/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˈrezəvˌwɑːr/ | A body that can exchange energy without appreciable temperature change. | 热库：交换能量时温度几乎不变的物体。 |
| thermodynamic system | UK: /ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪk ˈsɪstəm/ US: /ˌθɝːmoʊdaɪˈnæmɪk ˈsɪstəm/ | The matter or region selected for thermodynamic analysis. | 热力学系统：为热力学分析而选定的物质或空间区域。 |
| thermodynamics | UK: /ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ US: /ˌθɝːmoʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ | The study of energy transfer, heat, work and macroscopic state changes. | 热力学：研究能量传递、热、功和宏观状态变化的学科。 |
| work | UK: /wɜːk/ US: /wɝːk/ | Energy transferred mechanically when a force acts through a displacement. | 功：力通过位移以机械方式传递的能量。 |
B.5 Current and circuits
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ammeter | UK: /ˈæmiːtə/ US: /ˈæmiːtɚ/ | An instrument connected in series to measure current; an ideal ammeter has zero resistance. | 电流表：串联接入电路以测量电流的仪表；理想电流表的电阻为零。 |
| anode | UK: /ˈænəʊd/ US: /ˈænoʊd/ | The electrode at which oxidation occurs in an electrochemical cell; in other devices it is conventionally the electrode through which conventional current enters. Its polarity depends on the device. | 阳极：电化学电池中发生氧化反应的电极；在其他器件中通常指传统电流流入器件的电极，其正负极性取决于器件类型。 |
| battery | UK: /ˈbætəri/ US: /ˈbætɚi/ | One or more cells connected to act as an electrical source. | 电池组：由一个或多个电池单元连接而成的电源。 |
| cathode | UK: /ˈkæθəʊd/ US: /ˈkæθoʊd/ | The electrode at which reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell; in other devices it is conventionally the electrode through which conventional current leaves. Its polarity depends on the device. | 阴极：电化学电池中发生还原反应的电极；在其他器件中通常指传统电流流出器件的电极，其正负极性取决于器件类型。 |
| cell | UK: /sel/ US: /sel/ | A source that transfers energy from a non-electrical form to electrical energy and maintains an electromotive force. | 电池单元：把非电形式的能量转化为电能并维持电动势的电源。 |
| charge carrier | UK: /tʃɑːdʒ ˈkærɪə/ US: /tʃɑːrdʒ ˈkæriər/ | A mobile particle that transports electric charge. | 载流子：能够移动并传输电荷的粒子。 |
| chemical cell | UK: /ˈkemɪkəl sel/ US: /ˈkemɪkəl sel/ | A cell that uses chemical reactions to transfer chemical energy to electrical energy and maintain an emf. | 化学电池：通过化学反应把化学能转移为电能并维持电动势的电池。 |
| circuit diagram | UK: /ˈsɜːkɪt ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈsɝːkət ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A representation of circuit connections using standardized component symbols. | 电路图：使用标准元件符号表示电路连接关系的图。 |
| conventional current | UK: /kənˈvenʃənəl ˈkʌrənt/ US: /kənˈvenʃənəl ˈkɝːənt/ | The direction assigned to current as the direction in which positive charge would move. | 传统电流方向：规定为正电荷运动的方向。 |
| current-voltage characteristic | UK: /ˈkʌrənt ˈvəʊltɪdʒ ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪk/ US: /ˈkɝːənt ˈvoʊltədʒ ˌkerəktɚˈɪstɪk/ | A graph showing how current depends on potential difference for a component. | 伏安特性：表示元件电流随电势差变化关系的图像。 |
| diode | UK: /ˈdaɪəʊd/ US: /ˈdaɪoʊd/ | A non-ohmic semiconductor component that conducts much more readily in one direction than the other. | 二极管：在一个方向上比反方向更容易导电的非欧姆半导体元件。 |
| direct current | UK: /daɪˈrekt ˈkʌrənt/ US: /dəˈrekt ˈkɝːənt/ | Electric current whose direction does not reverse with time. | 直流电：方向不随时间反向的电流。 |
| earth (ground) | UK: /ɜːθ ɡraʊnd/ US: /ɝːθ ɡraʊnd/ | A conducting connection assigned zero reference potential, often physically connected to Earth for safety or as a common circuit reference. | 接地：被规定为零参考电势的导电连接，常为安全目的实际连接大地，或用作电路公共参考点。 |
| electric current | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈkʌrənt/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈkɝːənt/ | The rate at which electric charge passes through a chosen cross-section. | 电流：电荷通过所选截面的速率。 |
| electric heater | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈhiːtə/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈhiːtɚ/ | A device that transfers electrical energy to internal energy through resistive heating. | 电热器：通过电阻发热把电能转移为内能的装置。 |
| electrical conductor | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl kənˈdʌktə/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl kənˈdʌktɚ/ | A material in which mobile charge carriers can move readily in response to an electric field. | 电导体：其中的可移动电荷载流子能够在电场作用下较容易运动的材料。 |
| electrical insulator | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl ˈɪnsjʊleɪtə/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl ˈɪnsəleɪtɚ/ | A material with very few mobile charge carriers, so it conducts little current under ordinary conditions. | 电绝缘体：可移动电荷载流子很少、因而在通常条件下几乎不导电的材料。 |
| electrical power | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl ˈpaʊə/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪkəl ˈpaʊɚ/ | The rate at which electrical energy is transferred. | 电功率：电能传递的速率。 |
| electrode | UK: /ɪˈlektrəʊd/ US: /ɪˈlektroʊd/ | A conductor through which charge enters or leaves an electrolyte, semiconductor, vacuum or other non-metallic medium. | 电极：电荷经由其进入或离开电解质、半导体、真空或其他非金属介质的导体。 |
| electrolyte | UK: /ɪˈlektrəlaɪt/ US: /ɪˈlektrəlaɪt/ | A substance containing mobile ions that conducts electric current by ionic motion. | 电解质：含有可移动离子、通过离子运动传导电流的物质。 |
| electromotive force | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊˈməʊtɪv fɔːs/ US: /ɪˌlektroʊˈmoʊtɪv fɔːrs/ | The energy supplied by a source per unit charge passing through the source. | 电动势：电荷通过电源时，电源对单位电荷提供的能量。 |
| heating element | UK: /ˈhiːtɪŋ ˈelɪmənt/ US: /ˈhiːtɪŋ ˈeləmənt/ | A resistive component designed to transfer electrical energy to internal energy by heating. | 加热元件：设计用于通过电阻发热把电能转移为内能的元件。 |
| internal resistance | UK: /ɪnˈtɜːnəl rɪˈzɪstəns/ US: /ˌɪnˈtɝːnəl rɪˈzɪstəns/ | The effective resistance inside a source of electromotive force. | 内阻：电源内部等效存在的电阻。 |
| junction | UK: /ˈdʒʌŋkʃən/ US: /ˈdʒʌŋkʃən/ | A point in a circuit where current paths meet or divide. | 接点：电路中电流路径汇合或分开的连接点。 |
| lamp | UK: /læmp/ US: /læmp/ | A circuit component that transfers electrical energy to light and internal energy when current flows. | 灯：有电流通过时把电能转移为光能和内能的电路元件。 |
| light-dependent resistor | UK: /ˈlaɪt dɪˌpendənt rɪˈzɪstə/ US: /ˈlaɪt dɪˌpendənt rɪˈzɪstɚ/ | A resistor whose resistance changes with incident light intensity, usually decreasing as intensity increases. | 光敏电阻：电阻随入射光强变化的电阻器，通常光强增大时电阻减小。 |
| light-emitting diode | UK: /ˈlaɪt ɪˌmɪtɪŋ ˈdaɪəʊd/ US: /ˈlaɪt ɪˌmɪtɪŋ ˈdaɪoʊd/ | A diode that emits light when forward biased and carrying current. | 发光二极管：正向偏置并有电流通过时发光的二极管。 |
| lost volts | UK: /lɒst vəʊlts/ US: /lɔːst voʊlts/ | The potential difference across a source's internal resistance when current flows. | 内电压降：电流通过电源时，电源内阻两端的电势差。 |
| motor | UK: /ˈməʊtə/ US: /ˈmoʊtɚ/ | A device that transfers electrical energy to mechanical energy. | 电动机：把电能转移为机械能的装置。 |
| non-ohmic component | UK: /nɒn ˈəʊmɪk kəmˈpəʊnənt/ US: /nɑːn ˈoʊmɪk kəmˈpoʊnənt/ | A component whose current is not proportional to potential difference. | 非欧姆元件：电流与电势差不成正比的电路元件。 |
| Ohm's law | UK: /əʊmz lɔː/ US: /oʊmz lɔː/ | For an ohmic conductor under constant physical conditions, current is proportional to potential difference. | 欧姆定律：在物理条件保持不变时，欧姆导体中的电流与其两端电势差成正比。 |
| ohmic conductor | UK: /ˈəʊmɪk kənˈdʌktə/ US: /ˈoʊmɪk kənˈdʌktɚ/ | A conductor that obeys Ohm's law over the range considered. | 欧姆导体：在所讨论范围内遵守欧姆定律的导体。 |
| open circuit | UK: /ˈəʊpən ˈsɜːkɪt/ US: /ˈoʊpən ˈsɝːkət/ | A circuit with a break in its conducting path, so no steady current flows around the complete circuit. | 断路：导电路径中存在断点，因而完整回路中没有稳恒电流的电路状态。 |
| parallel circuit | UK: /ˈpærəˌlel ˈsɜːkɪt/ US: /ˈperəˌlel ˈsɝːkət/ | A circuit arrangement with branches connected across the same two junctions. | 并联电路：各支路连接在同一对接点之间的电路。 |
| potential difference | UK: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfɚəns/ | The difference in electric potential between two points, equal to the change in electric potential energy per unit charge. | 电势差：两点之间电势的差，等于单位电荷电势能的变化量。 |
| potential divider | UK: /pəˈtenʃəl dɪˈvaɪdə/ US: /pəˈtenʃəl dɪˈvaɪdɚ/ | A series circuit used to provide a chosen fraction of an input potential difference. | 分压器：用于获得输入电势差某一比例的串联电路。 |
| potentiometer | UK: /pəˌtenʃiˈɒmɪtə/ US: /pəˌtenʃiˈɑːmətɚ/ | A three-terminal variable resistor used as an adjustable potential divider. | 电位器：作为可调分压器使用的三端可变电阻器。 |
| resistance | UK: /rɪˈzɪstəns/ US: /rɪˈzɪstəns/ | For a component at a stated operating condition, the ratio of potential difference across it to current through it. | 电阻：在给定工作状态下，元件两端电势差与通过电流之比。 |
| resistivity | UK: /ˌriːzɪˈstɪvəti/ US: /ˌriːzɪˈstɪvəti/ | A material property defined for a uniform conductor by . | 电阻率：对均匀导体由 定义的材料属性。 |
| resistor | UK: /rɪˈzɪstə/ US: /rɪˈzɪstɚ/ | A circuit component designed to provide a specified electrical resistance. | 电阻器：设计用于提供规定电阻的电路元件。 |
| rheostat | UK: /ˈriːəstæt/ US: /ˈriːoʊstæt/ | A variable resistor used with two terminals to control current by changing the resistance in series with a circuit. | 变阻器：以两个端子接入电路，通过改变串联电阻来控制电流的可变电阻器。 |
| series circuit | UK: /ˈsɪəriːz ˈsɜːkɪt/ US: /ˈsɪriz ˈsɝːkət/ | A circuit arrangement in which components carry the same current in one path. | 串联电路：元件位于同一路径中并通过相同电流的电路。 |
| short circuit | UK: /ʃɔːt ˈsɜːkɪt/ US: /ʃɔːrt ˈsɝːkət/ | A very low-resistance path that can produce a large current. | 短路：电阻极小、可能产生大电流的电路路径。 |
| solar cell | UK: /ˈsəʊlə sel/ US: /ˈsoʊlɚ sel/ | A photovoltaic device that transfers energy from incident radiation to electrical energy. | 太阳能电池：把入射辐射的能量转移为电能的光伏器件。 |
| switch | UK: /swɪtʃ/ US: /swɪtʃ/ | A component used to open or close a conducting path in a circuit. | 开关：用于断开或闭合电路导电路径的元件。 |
| terminal | UK: /ˈtɜːmɪnəl/ US: /ˈtɝːmənəl/ | A conducting point at which a component or source is connected to the rest of a circuit. | 接线端：元件或电源与电路其余部分连接的导电连接点。 |
| terminal potential difference | UK: /ˈtɜːmɪnəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /ˈtɝːmənəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfɚəns/ | The potential difference measured across the terminals of a source. | 端电压：电源两端测得的电势差。 |
| thermistor | UK: /θɜːˈmɪstə/ US: /θɝːˈmɪstɚ/ | A resistor whose resistance changes strongly with temperature. | 热敏电阻：电阻随温度显著变化的电阻器。 |
| variable resistor | UK: /ˈveəriəbəl rɪˈzɪstə/ US: /ˈveriəbəl rɪˈzɪstɚ/ | A resistor whose resistance can be adjusted. | 可变电阻器：电阻值可以调节的电阻器。 |
| voltmeter | UK: /ˈvəʊltmiːtə/ US: /ˈvoʊltmiːtɚ/ | An instrument connected in parallel to measure potential difference; an ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance. | 电压表：并联接入电路以测量电势差的仪表；理想电压表的电阻为无穷大。 |
C.1 Simple harmonic motion
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| amplitude | UK: /ˈæmplɪˌtjuːd/ US: /ˈæmpləˌtuːd/ | The maximum magnitude of an oscillating quantity relative to its equilibrium value. | 振幅：振动物理量相对于平衡值的最大偏离量。 |
| angular frequency | UK: /ˈænɡjʊlə ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈæŋɡjəlɚ ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The phase change per unit time in radians. | 角频率：单位时间内相位变化的弧度数。 |
| antiphase | UK: /ˈæntɪfeɪz/ US: /ˈæntɪfeɪz/ | Differing in phase by half a cycle or pi radians. | 反相：相位相差半个周期或 π 弧度。 |
| displacement | UK: /dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ US: /dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ | The signed distance from the equilibrium position. | 位移：物体相对于平衡位置的带符号距离。 |
| equilibrium position | UK: /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm pəˈzɪʃən/ US: /ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm pəˈzɪʃən/ | The position at which the resultant force is zero. | 平衡位置：物体所受合力为零的位置。 |
| frequency | UK: /ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The number of complete oscillations per unit time. | 频率：单位时间内完成的振动次数。 |
| harmonic oscillator | UK: /hɑːˈmɒnɪk ˈɒsɪleɪtə/ US: /hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk ˈɑːsəleɪtɚ/ | An oscillator whose restoring influence is proportional to displacement from equilibrium; under ideal conditions it undergoes simple harmonic motion. | 简谐振子：回复作用与相对平衡位置的位移成正比的振子；在理想条件下做简谐运动。 |
| in phase | UK: /ɪn feɪz/ US: /ɪn feɪz/ | Having the same phase at the same time. | 同相：在同一时刻具有相同相位。 |
| mass-spring system | UK: /mæs sprɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/ US: /mæs sprɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/ | An oscillator consisting of a mass attached to an elastic spring. | 弹簧振子：由质量块和弹簧组成的振动系统。 |
| oscillation | UK: /ˌɒsɪˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˌɑːsəˈleɪʃən/ | Repeated motion about an equilibrium position. | 振动：物体围绕平衡位置反复运动。 |
| periodic motion | UK: /ˌpɪərɪˈɒdɪk ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion that repeats after equal time intervals. | 周期运动：经过相等时间间隔重复出现的运动。 |
| phase | UK: /feɪz/ US: /feɪz/ | A quantity that specifies the position within an oscillation cycle relative to a chosen reference. | 相位：相对于所选参考，表示振动在一个周期中所处状态的量。 |
| phase angle | UK: /feɪz ˈæŋɡəl/ US: /feɪz ˈæŋɡəl/ | The angular measure used to specify phase. | 相位角：用角度或弧度表示振动相位的量。 |
| restoring force | UK: /rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ fɔːs/ US: /rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ fɔːrs/ | A force directed towards the equilibrium position. | 回复力：始终指向平衡位置的力。 |
| simple harmonic motion | UK: /ˈsɪmpəl hɑːˈmɒnɪk ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ˈsɪmpəl hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk ˈmoʊʃən/ | Oscillation in which acceleration is proportional to displacement from equilibrium and directed oppositely to it. | 简谐运动：加速度与相对平衡位置的位移成正比且方向相反的振动。 |
| simple pendulum | UK: /ˈsɪmpəl ˈpendjʊləm/ US: /ˈsɪmpəl ˈpendʒələm/ | An ideal pendulum with a point mass on a light inextensible string. | 单摆：由质点和轻质不可伸长细线组成的理想摆。 |
| time period | UK: /taɪm ˈpɪərɪəd/ US: /taɪm ˈpɪriəd/ | The time taken for one complete oscillation. | 周期：完成一次完整振动所需的时间。 |
| total energy | UK: /ˈtəʊtəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈtoʊtəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | The constant sum of kinetic and potential energies in undamped SHM. | 总能量：无阻尼简谐运动中动能与势能的恒定总和。 |
C.2 Wave model
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| amplitude | UK: /ˈæmplɪˌtjuːd/ US: /ˈæmpləˌtuːd/ | The maximum magnitude of an oscillating quantity relative to its equilibrium value. | 振幅：振动物理量相对于平衡值的最大偏离量。 |
| compression | UK: /kəmˈpreʃən/ US: /kəmˈpreʃən/ | A region of increased pressure and density in a longitudinal wave. | 密部：纵波中压强和密度较大的区域。 |
| electromagnetic spectrum | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊməɡˈnetɪk ˈspektrəm/ US: /ˌɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk ˈspektrəm/ | The complete range of electromagnetic wavelengths and frequencies. | 电磁波谱：所有电磁波波长和频率的完整范围。 |
| electromagnetic wave | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊməɡˈnetɪk weɪv/ US: /ˌɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk weɪv/ | A transverse wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. | 电磁波：由振荡电场和磁场构成的横波。 |
| energy transfer | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈtrænsfɜː/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈtrænsfɝː/ | The movement of energy from one system or part of a system to another, for example by work, heating or radiation. | 能量传递：能量从一个系统或系统的一部分转移到另一部分，例如通过做功、传热或辐射。 |
| frequency | UK: /ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The number of complete wave cycles passing a point per unit time. | 频率：单位时间内通过某点的完整波动周期数。 |
| gamma ray | UK: /ˈɡæmə reɪ/ US: /ˈɡæmə reɪ/ | Very-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, commonly produced in nuclear transitions. | 伽马射线：频率极高的电磁辐射，常由核能级跃迁产生。 |
| longitudinal wave | UK: /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnəl weɪv/ US: /ˌlɑːndʒəˈtuːdənəl weɪv/ | A wave in which the relevant oscillation is parallel to the direction of propagation. | 纵波：相关振动方向与传播方向平行的波。 |
| mechanical wave | UK: /mɪˈkænɪkəl weɪv/ US: /məˈkænɪkəl weɪv/ | A wave that requires a material medium. | 机械波：需要物质介质才能传播的波。 |
| medium | UK: /ˈmiːdiəm/ US: /ˈmiːdiəm/ | The material through which a mechanical wave propagates by local particle interactions. | 介质：机械波通过局部粒子相互作用在其中传播的物质。 |
| microphone | UK: /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ US: /ˈmaɪkrəfoʊn/ | A transducer that converts sound waves into an electrical signal. | 麦克风：把声波转换为电信号的换能器。 |
| microwave | UK: /ˈmaɪkrəweɪv/ US: /ˈmaɪkroʊweɪv/ | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between infrared radiation and radio waves in the conventional spectrum classification. | 微波：按通常光谱分类，波长位于红外线与无线电波之间的电磁辐射。 |
| oscilloscope | UK: /əˈsɪləskəʊp/ US: /əˈsɪləskoʊp/ | An instrument that displays an electrical signal, commonly as potential difference against time. | 示波器：显示电信号的仪器，通常显示电势差随时间的变化。 |
| period | UK: /ˈpɪərɪəd/ US: /ˈpɪriəd/ | The time taken for one complete cycle. | 周期：完成一次完整波动循环所需的时间。 |
| phase difference | UK: /feɪz ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /feɪz ˈdɪfɚəns/ | The difference in phase between two oscillations or points on a wave. | 相位差：两个振动或波上两点之间的相位差异。 |
| radio wave | UK: /ˈreɪdiəʊ weɪv/ US: /ˈreɪdioʊ weɪv/ | Electromagnetic radiation in the long-wavelength, low-frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum. | 无线电波：电磁波谱中长波长、低频率区域的电磁辐射。 |
| rarefaction | UK: /reəˈfækʃən/ US: /ˌrerəˈfækʃən/ | A region of decreased pressure and density in a longitudinal wave. | 疏部：纵波中压强和密度较小的区域。 |
| sound wave | UK: /saʊnd weɪv/ US: /saʊnd weɪv/ | A mechanical wave consisting of pressure and density variations in a material medium. | 声波：由物质介质中的压强和密度变化构成的机械波。 |
| transverse wave | UK: /trænsˈvɜːs weɪv/ US: /trænzˈvɝːs weɪv/ | A wave in which the relevant oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. | 横波：相关振动方向与传播方向垂直的波。 |
| travelling wave | UK: /ˈtrævlɪŋ weɪv/ US: /ˈtrævəlɪŋ weɪv/ | A wave pattern that propagates through space or a medium. | 行波：在空间或介质中传播的波动形式。 |
| ultraviolet radiation | UK: /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light and longer than X-rays. | 紫外辐射：波长短于可见光、长于 X 射线的电磁辐射。 |
| visible light | UK: /ˈvɪzəbəl laɪt/ US: /ˈvɪzəbəl laɪt/ | The part of the electromagnetic spectrum detectable by the human eye, approximately 400–700 nm. | 可见光：人眼可探测的电磁波谱部分，波长约为 400–700 nm。 |
| wave | UK: /weɪv/ US: /weɪv/ | A disturbance that propagates and transfers energy and information without a resultant transfer of matter. | 波：传播扰动并传递能量和信息、但不造成介质整体净迁移的现象。 |
| wave speed | UK: /weɪv spiːd/ US: /weɪv spiːd/ | The speed at which a specified phase of a wave propagates. | 波速：波的指定相位传播的速率。 |
| wavelength | UK: /ˈweɪvˌleŋθ/ US: /ˈweɪvˌleŋθ/ | The shortest distance, measured along the direction of propagation, between two points in the same phase. | 波长：沿传播方向测量的相邻同相点之间的最短距离。 |
| X-ray | UK: /ˈeks reɪ/ US: /ˈeks reɪ/ | High-frequency ionizing electromagnetic radiation commonly produced when high-speed electrons are decelerated or change energy states; X-ray and gamma-ray energy ranges overlap. | X 射线：通常由高速电子减速或电子能态变化产生的高频电离电磁辐射；X 射线与伽马射线的能量范围可以重叠。 |
C.3 Wave phenomena
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| angle of incidence | UK: /ˈæŋɡəl əv ˈɪnsɪdəns/ US: /ˈæŋɡəl əv ˈɪnsədəns/ | The angle between an incident ray and the normal. | 入射角：入射线与法线之间的夹角。 |
| angle of refraction | UK: /ˈæŋɡəl əv rɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /ˈæŋɡəl əv rɪˈfrækʃən/ | The angle between a refracted ray and the normal. | 折射角：折射线与法线之间的夹角。 |
| aperture | UK: /ˈæpətʃə/ US: /ˈæpɚtʃɚ/ | An opening through which a wave passes. | 孔径：波可以通过的开口。 |
| boundary | UK: /ˈbaʊndri/ US: /ˈbaʊndɚi/ | The interface between two media or regions. | 边界：两种介质或两个区域之间的界面。 |
| central maximum | UK: /ˈsentrəl ˈmæksɪməm/ US: /ˈsentrəl ˈmæksəməm/ | The central bright region of a diffraction intensity pattern, lying between the first minima on either side. | 中央主极大：衍射强度图样中央的亮区，位于两侧第一级极小之间。 |
| coherent sources | UK: /kəʊˈhɪərənt ˈsɔːsɪz/ US: /koʊˈhɪrənt ˈsɔːrsəz/ | Sources that produce waves of the same frequency with a constant phase difference. | 相干波源：产生频率相同且相位差恒定的波的波源。 |
| constructive interference | UK: /kənˈstrʌktɪv ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /kənˈstrʌktɪv ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | Interference that produces increased resultant amplitude. | 相长干涉：使合振幅增大的干涉。 |
| critical angle | UK: /ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈæŋɡəl/ US: /ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈæŋɡəl/ | For a wave travelling from higher to lower refractive index, the angle of incidence that gives a refracted angle of . | 临界角：波从高折射率介质射向低折射率介质时，使折射角为 的入射角。 |
| destructive interference | UK: /dɪˈstrʌktɪv ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /dɪˈstrʌktɪv ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | Interference that produces reduced or zero resultant amplitude. | 相消干涉：使合振幅减小或为零的干涉。 |
| diffraction | UK: /dɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /dɪˈfrækʃən/ | The spreading and bending of waves around obstacles or through apertures, most evident when dimensions are comparable with the wavelength. | 衍射：波绕过障碍物或通过孔隙时发生的扩展和弯曲；当相关尺寸与波长可比时最明显。 |
| diffraction grating | UK: /dɪˈfrækʃən ˈɡreɪtɪŋ/ US: /dɪˈfrækʃən ˈɡreɪtɪŋ/ | An optical element containing many equally spaced parallel slits. | 衍射光栅：具有大量等间距平行狭缝的光学元件。 |
| double-slit interference | UK: /ˈdʌbəl slɪt ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /ˈdʌbəl slɪt ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | An interference pattern produced by two narrow coherent openings. | 双缝干涉：两条窄相干缝产生的干涉图样。 |
| double-source interference | UK: /ˈdʌbəl sɔːs ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /ˈdʌbəl sɔːrs ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | Interference produced by waves from two coherent sources. | 双源干涉：来自两个相干波源的波相互叠加形成的干涉。 |
| fringe spacing | UK: /frɪndʒ ˈspeɪsɪŋ/ US: /frɪndʒ ˈspeɪsɪŋ/ | The distance between adjacent bright or dark interference fringes. | 条纹间距：相邻亮纹或暗纹之间的距离。 |
| intensity pattern | UK: /ɪnˈtensɪti ˈpætən/ US: /ɪnˈtensəti ˈpætɚn/ | The spatial variation of wave intensity produced by interference or diffraction. | 强度图样：由干涉或衍射形成的波强度随位置的分布。 |
| interference | UK: /ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | The spatial redistribution of wave amplitude or intensity produced by superposition of coherent waves. | 干涉：相干波叠加造成的波幅或强度空间重新分布。 |
| monochromatic light | UK: /ˌmɒnəkrəˈmætɪk laɪt/ US: /ˌmɑːnəkroʊˈmætɪk laɪt/ | Light with a single frequency, or a very narrow range of frequencies. | 单色光：只含单一频率或频率范围很窄的光。 |
| multiple-slit interference | UK: /ˈmʌltɪpəl slɪt ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ US: /ˈmʌltəpəl slɪt ˌɪntɚˈfɪrəns/ | Interference produced by coherent waves emerging from more than two slits. | 多缝干涉：由两个以上狭缝射出的相干波形成的干涉。 |
| normal incidence | UK: /ˈnɔːməl ˈɪnsɪdəns/ US: /ˈnɔːrməl ˈɪnsədəns/ | Incidence in which the incoming ray or wave direction is perpendicular to the boundary or aperture plane. | 法向入射：入射射线或波的传播方向垂直于边界或孔径平面的入射。 |
| order | UK: /ˈɔːdə/ US: /ˈɔːrdɚ/ | An integer label identifying an interference maximum. | 级次：用于标识干涉极大的整数编号。 |
| path difference | UK: /pɑːθ ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /pæθ ˈdɪfɚəns/ | The difference in distances travelled by two waves to a point. | 程差：两列波到达某点所经过路程的差。 |
| ray | UK: /reɪ/ US: /reɪ/ | A geometrical line normal to wavefronts that indicates the local direction of wave propagation and energy transfer. | 射线：垂直于波面、表示波和能量局部传播方向的几何线。 |
| reflection | UK: /rɪˈflekʃən/ US: /rɪˈflekʃən/ | The return of a wave into its original medium at a boundary. | 反射：波在边界处返回原介质的现象。 |
| refraction | UK: /rɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /rɪˈfrækʃən/ | A change in wave speed on entering another medium, generally accompanied by a change in direction except at normal incidence. | 折射：波进入另一介质时传播速度发生改变；除垂直入射外通常还伴随传播方向改变。 |
| refractive index | UK: /rɪˈfræktɪv ˈɪndeks/ US: /rəˈfræktɪv ˈɪndeks/ | For light in a medium, the ratio of its speed in vacuum to its phase speed in the medium. | 折射率：光在真空中的速率与其在介质中的相速度之比。 |
| ripple tank | UK: /ˈrɪpəl tæŋk/ US: /ˈrɪpəl tæŋk/ | A shallow water tank used to generate and observe two-dimensional surface-wave patterns. | 水波槽：用于产生和观察二维水面波图样的浅水槽。 |
| screen | UK: /skriːn/ US: /skriːn/ | A surface on which an interference or diffraction pattern is observed or recorded. | 光屏：用于观察或记录干涉、衍射图样的表面。 |
| single-slit diffraction | UK: /ˈsɪŋɡəl slɪt dɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /ˈsɪŋɡəl slɪt dɪˈfrækʃən/ | The spreading and interference pattern produced when a wave passes through one narrow slit. | 单缝衍射：波通过一个窄缝后发生展宽并形成的干涉图样。 |
| slit | UK: /slɪt/ US: /slɪt/ | A narrow aperture through which waves pass in diffraction or interference experiments. | 狭缝：在衍射或干涉实验中让波通过的窄孔径。 |
| slit separation | UK: /slɪt ˌsepəˈreɪʃən/ US: /slɪt ˌsepəˈreɪʃən/ | The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent slits in an interference arrangement. | 缝间距：干涉装置中相邻狭缝中心之间的距离。 |
| slit width | UK: /slɪt wɪdθ/ US: /slɪt wɪdθ/ | The transverse width of an individual slit, which controls the angular spread of its diffraction pattern. | 缝宽：单个狭缝的横向宽度，决定其衍射图样的角展宽。 |
| Snell's law | UK: /snelz lɔː/ US: /snelz lɔː/ | The relation between angles of incidence and refraction and refractive indices. | 斯涅尔定律：联系入射角、折射角与折射率的定律。 |
| superposition | UK: /ˌsuːpəpəˈzɪʃən/ US: /ˌsuːpərpəˈzɪʃən/ | The principle that the resultant displacement or field at a point is the algebraic or vector sum of the individual contributions. | 叠加原理：某点的合位移或合场等于各独立贡献的代数和或矢量和。 |
| total internal reflection | UK: /ˈtəʊtəl ɪnˈtɜːnəl rɪˈflekʃən/ US: /ˈtoʊtəl ˌɪnˈtɝːnəl rɪˈflekʃən/ | Complete reflection at a boundary when a wave travels from higher to lower refractive index and the incident angle exceeds the critical angle. | 全反射：波从高折射率介质射向低折射率介质且入射角大于临界角时发生的完全反射。 |
| transmission | UK: /ˌtrænˈsmɪʃən/ US: /trænˈsmɪʃən/ | The passage of part of a wave and its energy through a boundary into another region or medium. | 透射：部分波及其能量穿过边界进入另一介质或区域。 |
| wave generator | UK: /weɪv ˈdʒenəreɪtə/ US: /weɪv ˈdʒenəreɪtɚ/ | A device that produces periodic disturbances in a medium for the study of waves. | 波源发生器：在介质中产生周期性扰动以研究波动的装置。 |
| wave pulse | UK: /weɪv pʌls/ US: /weɪv pʌls/ | A single localized disturbance that propagates through a medium or field. | 波脉冲：在介质或场中传播的单个局域扰动。 |
| wavefront | UK: /ˈweɪvfrʌnt/ US: /ˈweɪvfrʌnt/ | A line or surface joining points of equal phase. | 波面：连接相位相同各点的线或面。 |
| Young's double-slit experiment | UK: /jʌŋz ˈdʌbəl slɪt ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ US: /jʌŋz ˈdʌbəl slɪt ɪkˈsperəmənt/ | An experiment in which coherent light from two slits forms an interference pattern, demonstrating the wave behaviour of light. | 杨氏双缝实验：来自两个狭缝的相干光形成干涉图样、从而显示光的波动行为的实验。 |
C.4 Standing waves and resonance
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| antinode | UK: /ˈæntɪnəʊd/ US: /ˈæntɪnoʊd/ | A point in a standing wave at which the relevant oscillating quantity has maximum amplitude. | 波腹：驻波中相关振动物理量振幅最大的点。 |
| boundary condition | UK: /ˈbaʊndri kənˈdɪʃən/ US: /ˈbaʊndɚi kənˈdɪʃən/ | A physical constraint imposed at the boundary of a wave system. | 边界条件：波动系统边界处必须满足的物理约束。 |
| closed pipe | UK: /kləʊzd paɪp/ US: /kloʊzd paɪp/ | An air column with a closed end that acts as a displacement node. | 闭管：封闭端对应空气位移波节的空气柱。 |
| critical damping | UK: /ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈdæmpɪŋ/ US: /ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈdæmpɪŋ/ | The minimum damping that returns a displaced system to equilibrium without oscillation. | 临界阻尼：使偏离平衡的系统无振荡返回平衡所需的最小阻尼。 |
| damping | UK: /ˈdæmpɪŋ/ US: /ˈdæmpɪŋ/ | A process that removes mechanical energy from an oscillator and reduces its amplitude. | 阻尼：从振子中移除机械能并使振幅减小的过程。 |
| displacement antinode | UK: /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt ˈæntɪnəʊd/ US: /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt ˈæntinoʊd/ | A point in a standing wave at which the displacement amplitude is maximum. | 位移波腹：驻波中位移振幅最大的点。 |
| displacement node | UK: /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt nəʊd/ US: /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt noʊd/ | A point in a standing wave at which the displacement is always zero. | 位移波节：驻波中位移始终为零的点。 |
| driven oscillator | UK: /ˈdrɪvən ˈɒsɪleɪtə/ US: /ˈdrɪvən ˈɑːsəleɪtɚ/ | An oscillator acted on by an external periodic driving force. | 受迫振子：受到外部周期性驱动力作用的振子。 |
| driving frequency | UK: /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The frequency of an external periodic force. | 驱动频率：外部周期性作用力的频率。 |
| first harmonic | UK: /fɜːst hɑːˈmɒnɪk/ US: /fɝːst hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk/ | The lowest-frequency standing-wave mode allowed by the boundary conditions. | 第一谐波：边界条件所允许的最低频率驻波模式。 |
| fixed end | UK: /fɪkst end/ US: /fɪkst end/ | A boundary at which displacement must be zero. | 固定端：位移必须为零的边界。 |
| free end | UK: /friː end/ US: /friː end/ | A boundary at which displacement can be maximum. | 自由端：位移可以达到最大值的边界。 |
| frequency response | UK: /ˈfriːkwənsi rɪˈspɒns/ US: /ˈfriːkwənsi rɪˈspɑːns/ | The variation of steady-state oscillation amplitude with driving frequency. | 频率响应：稳态振幅随驱动频率的变化关系。 |
| fundamental frequency | UK: /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The lowest natural frequency of a standing-wave system; the current IB Physics guide uses the term first harmonic instead. | 基频：驻波系统最低的固有频率；现行 IB 物理指南改用“第一谐波”这一术语。 |
| harmonic | UK: /hɑːˈmɒnɪk/ US: /hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk/ | An allowed standing-wave mode; when the modes form an integer harmonic series, its frequency is an integer multiple of the first-harmonic frequency. | 谐波：允许的驻波模式；当各模式构成整数谐波序列时，其频率为第一谐波频率的整数倍。 |
| heavy damping | UK: /ˈhevi ˈdæmpɪŋ/ US: /ˈhevi ˈdæmpɪŋ/ | Damping strong enough that oscillations are suppressed and the system returns slowly towards equilibrium. | 重阻尼：强到足以抑制振荡、使系统缓慢回到平衡位置的阻尼。 |
| light damping | UK: /laɪt ˈdæmpɪŋ/ US: /laɪt ˈdæmpɪŋ/ | Weak damping that allows oscillations of gradually decreasing amplitude. | 轻阻尼：使振幅逐渐减小但仍保持振荡的较弱阻尼。 |
| mode | UK: /məʊd/ US: /moʊd/ | A permitted pattern of oscillation determined by boundary conditions. | 振型：由边界条件决定的允许振动形式。 |
| natural frequency | UK: /ˈnætʃrəl ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈnætʃɚəl ˈfriːkwənsi/ | A frequency at which a system oscillates freely. | 固有频率：系统自由振动时能够出现的频率。 |
| node | UK: /nəʊd/ US: /noʊd/ | A point in a standing wave at which the relevant oscillating quantity has zero amplitude. | 波节：驻波中相关振动物理量振幅为零的点。 |
| nth harmonic | UK: /enθ hɑːˈmɒnɪk/ US: /enθ hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk/ | A standing-wave mode whose frequency is times the first-harmonic frequency when the allowed modes form an integer harmonic series. | 第 谐波：当允许模式构成整数谐波序列时，频率为第一谐波频率 倍的驻波模式。 |
| open pipe | UK: /ˈəʊpən paɪp/ US: /ˈoʊpən paɪp/ | An air column with an open end that acts as a displacement antinode. | 开管：开口端对应空气位移波腹的空气柱。 |
| overdamping | UK: /ˌəʊvəˈdæmpɪŋ/ US: /ˌoʊvərˈdæmpɪŋ/ | Damping stronger than critical, producing a slow non-oscillatory return. | 过阻尼：强于临界阻尼并使系统缓慢无振荡回到平衡的状态。 |
| overtone | UK: /ˈəʊvəˌtəʊn/ US: /ˈoʊvɚˌtoʊn/ | A natural frequency above the lowest natural frequency; the current IB Physics guide does not use this term and specifies harmonic numbering instead. | 泛音：高于最低固有频率的固有频率；现行 IB 物理指南不使用该术语，而采用谐波序号。 |
| resonance | UK: /ˈrezənəns/ US: /ˈrezənəns/ | A large steady-state response when a system is driven at or near one of its natural frequencies. | 共振：系统受到等于或接近其某一固有频率的周期驱动时出现的大稳态响应。 |
| resonant frequency | UK: /ˈrezənənt ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈrezənənt ˈfriːkwənsi/ | A driving frequency at which the steady-state amplitude of a driven oscillator is maximum for the stated damping. | 共振频率：在给定阻尼条件下使受迫振子稳态振幅达到最大的驱动频率。 |
| signal generator | UK: /ˈsɪɡnəl ˈdʒenəreɪtə/ US: /ˈsɪɡnəl ˈdʒenəreɪtɚ/ | An instrument that supplies an electrical signal with adjustable waveform, frequency and amplitude. | 信号发生器：提供波形、频率和振幅可调电信号的仪器。 |
| standing wave | UK: /ˈstændɪŋ weɪv/ US: /ˈstændɪŋ weɪv/ | A stationary oscillation pattern formed by superposition of waves of the same frequency travelling in opposite directions. | 驻波：由频率相同、传播方向相反的波叠加形成的空间位置固定的振动图样。 |
C.5 Doppler effect
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| approaching source | UK: /əˈprəʊtʃɪŋ sɔːs/ US: /əˈproʊtʃɪŋ sɔːrs/ | A wave source whose distance from the observer is decreasing. | 接近的波源：与观察者之间距离正在减小的波源。 |
| blueshift | UK: /ˈbluːʃɪft/ US: /ˈbluːʃɪft/ | A shift of spectral features towards shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies. | 蓝移：光谱特征向更短波长和更高频率方向移动。 |
| Doppler effect | UK: /ˈdɒplə ɪˈfekt/ US: /ˈdɑːplər ɪˈfekt/ | The change in observed frequency caused by relative radial motion between source and observer. | 多普勒效应：波源与观察者之间的相对径向运动导致观测频率发生变化的现象。 |
| fractional frequency shift | UK: /ˈfrækʃənəl ˈfriːkwənsi ʃɪft/ US: /ˈfrækʃənəl ˈfriːkwənsi ʃɪft/ | The frequency change divided by the original frequency. | 频率相对变化：频率变化量与原频率之比。 |
| fractional wavelength shift | UK: /ˈfrækʃənəl ˈweɪvˌleŋθ ʃɪft/ US: /ˈfrækʃənəl ˈweɪvˌleŋθ ʃɪft/ | The wavelength change divided by the original wavelength. | 波长相对变化：波长变化量与原波长之比。 |
| line of sight | UK: /laɪn əv saɪt/ US: /laɪn əv saɪt/ | The straight direction from observer to source. | 视线方向：从观察者指向波源的直线方向。 |
| loudspeaker | UK: /ˌlaʊdˈspiːkə/ US: /ˌlaʊdˈspiːkɚ/ | A transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound waves. | 扬声器：把电信号转换为声波的换能器。 |
| medical Doppler effect | UK: /ˈmedɪkəl ˈdɒplə ɪˈfekt/ US: /ˈmedɪkəl ˈdɑːplɚ ɪˈfekt/ | The use of Doppler frequency shifts, commonly with ultrasound, to determine motion such as blood-flow speed. | 医学多普勒效应：通常利用超声的多普勒频移来测定血流速度等运动信息。 |
| moving observer | UK: /ˈmuːvɪŋ əbˈzɜːvə/ US: /ˈmuːvɪŋ əbˈzɝːvɚ/ | In a classical Doppler calculation, an observer with non-zero velocity relative to the medium. | 运动观察者：在经典多普勒计算中，相对于介质具有非零速度的观察者。 |
| moving source | UK: /ˈmuːvɪŋ sɔːs/ US: /ˈmuːvɪŋ sɔːrs/ | In a classical Doppler calculation, a source with non-zero velocity relative to the medium. | 运动波源：在经典多普勒计算中，相对于介质具有非零速度的波源。 |
| observed frequency | UK: /əbˈzɜːvd ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /əbˈzɝːvd ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The frequency measured by an observer. | 观测频率：观察者实际测得的频率。 |
| radar | UK: /ˈreɪdɑː/ US: /ˈreɪdɑːr/ | A system that transmits radio or microwave signals and analyses their reflections to determine properties such as range or radial speed. | 雷达：发射无线电波或微波并分析其反射信号，以测定距离或径向速度等量的系统。 |
| radial velocity | UK: /ˈreɪdɪəl vəˈlɒsɪti/ US: /ˈreɪdiəl vəˈlɑːsəti/ | The component of velocity along the line of sight. | 径向速度：速度沿视线方向的分量。 |
| receding source | UK: /rɪˈsiːdɪŋ sɔːs/ US: /rɪˈsiːdɪŋ sɔːrs/ | A wave source whose distance from the observer is increasing. | 远离的波源：与观察者之间距离正在增大的波源。 |
| redshift | UK: /ˈredʃɪft/ US: /ˈredʃɪft/ | A shift of spectral features towards longer wavelengths and lower frequencies. | 红移：光谱特征向更长波长和更低频率方向移动。 |
| sound detector | UK: /saʊnd dɪˈtektə/ US: /saʊnd dɪˈtektɚ/ | A device that converts incident sound into a measurable signal. | 声音探测器：把入射声波转换为可测信号的装置。 |
| source frequency | UK: /sɔːs ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /sɔːrs ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The frequency emitted by the source in its rest frame. | 波源频率：波源在自身静止参考系中发出的频率。 |
| spectral line | UK: /ˈspektrəl laɪn/ US: /ˈspektrəl laɪn/ | A narrow wavelength feature produced by emission or absorption. | 谱线：由发射或吸收形成的窄波长特征。 |
D.1 Gravitational fields
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| aphelion | UK: /əˈfiːliən/ US: /əˈfiːliən/ | The apoapsis of an orbit around the Sun. | 远日点：绕日轨道的远拱点。 |
| apoapsis | UK: /ˌæpəʊˈæpsɪs/ US: /ˌæpoʊˈæpsɪs/ | The point in an orbit farthest from the centre of the body being orbited. | 远拱点：轨道上距被绕天体中心最远的点。 |
| apogee | UK: /ˈæpədʒiː/ US: /ˈæpədʒiː/ | The apoapsis of an orbit around Earth. | 远地点：绕地轨道的远拱点。 |
| apparent weightlessness | UK: /əˈpærənt ˈweɪtləsnəs/ US: /əˈperənt ˈweɪtləsnəs/ | The condition in which the contact force supporting a body is zero, even though gravity may still act. | 视重为零：支撑物体的接触力为零的状态，此时重力仍可能存在。 |
| apsis | UK: /ˈæpsɪs/ US: /ˈæpsɪs/ | A point in an orbit at which the orbiting body is nearest to or farthest from the centre of the body being orbited; the plural is apsides. | 拱点：轨道上距被绕天体中心最近或最远的点；复数为 apsides。 |
| atmospheric drag | UK: /ˌætməsˈferɪk dræɡ/ US: /ˌætməsˈferɪk dræɡ/ | A resistive force exerted by an atmosphere on an orbiting body, transferring mechanical energy from the orbit. | 大气阻力：大气对轨道物体施加的阻力，使轨道机械能向外转移。 |
| binding energy | UK: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenɚdʒi/ | The positive energy required to separate a bound system into specified free constituents. | 结合能：将束缚系统分离成指定自由组分所需的正能量。 |
| circular orbit | UK: /ˈsɜːkjʊlə ˈɔːbɪt/ US: /ˈsɝːkjələr ˈɔːrbət/ | An orbit of constant radius. | 圆轨道：轨道半径保持不变的轨道。 |
| Earth | UK: /ɜːθ/ US: /ɝːθ/ | The third planet from the Sun. | 地球：距太阳第三近的行星。 |
| eccentricity | UK: /ˌeksenˈtrɪsɪti/ US: /ˌeksenˈtrɪsəti/ | A dimensionless parameter that determines the shape of a Keplerian orbit; for a bound ellipse, 0 ≤ e < 1, with e = 0 for a circle. | 离心率：决定开普勒轨道形状的无量纲参数；对于束缚椭圆轨道，0 ≤ e < 1，其中 e = 0 对应圆轨道。 |
| equipotential surface | UK: /ˌiːkwɪpəˈtenʃəl ˈsɜːfɪs/ US: /ˌiːkwɪpəˈtenʃəl ˈsɝːfəs/ | A surface on which gravitational potential is constant. | 等势面：引力势处处相同的曲面。 |
| escape speed | UK: /ɪˈskeɪp spiːd/ US: /ɪˈskeɪp spiːd/ | The minimum initial speed required to reach infinity with zero final speed when only the stated inverse-square gravitational field acts. | 逃逸速度：仅在给定平方反比引力场作用下，使物体到达无穷远且末速为零所需的最小初速度。 |
| field line | UK: /fiːld laɪn/ US: /fiːld laɪn/ | An imaginary curve whose tangent at each point gives the local direction of the field. | 场线：在每一点的切线方向给出局部场方向的假想曲线。 |
| geostationary orbit | UK: /ˌdʒiːəʊˈsteɪʃənəri ˈɔːbɪt/ US: /ˌdʒiːoʊˈsteɪʃəneri ˈɔːrbət/ | A circular equatorial orbit whose period equals Earth's rotation period and direction is prograde. | 地球静止轨道：位于赤道平面、方向与地球自转相同且周期等于地球自转周期的圆轨道。 |
| gravitational constant | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The universal proportionality constant in Newton's law of gravitation. | 万有引力常数：牛顿万有引力定律中的普适比例常数。 |
| gravitational field | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld/ | A region in which a mass experiences gravitational force. | 引力场：质量在其中会受到引力作用的空间区域。 |
| gravitational field strength | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld streŋθ/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld streŋθ/ | The gravitational force per unit mass on a small test mass; it is a vector. | 引力场强：单位小试探质量所受的引力，是矢量。 |
| gravitational potential | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl/ | The gravitational potential energy per unit mass, with the chosen reference value. | 引力势：在所选参考零点下，单位质量所具有的引力势能。 |
| gravitational potential energy | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pəˈtenʃəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | Energy associated with the configuration of masses. | 引力势能：由质量系统构型决定的能量。 |
| Jupiter | UK: /ˈdʒuːpɪtə/ US: /ˈdʒuːpətɚ/ | The fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System. | 木星：距太阳第五近的行星，也是太阳系中最大的行星。 |
| Kepler's laws | UK: /ˈkepləz lɔːz/ US: /ˈkeplərz lɔːz/ | Three empirical laws describing planetary orbits. | 开普勒定律：描述行星轨道运动的三条经验定律。 |
| Mars | UK: /mɑːz/ US: /mɑːrz/ | The fourth planet from the Sun. | 火星：距太阳第四近的行星。 |
| Mercury | UK: /ˈmɜːkjəri/ US: /ˈmɝːkjəri/ | The first planet from the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System. | 水星：距太阳最近的行星，也是太阳系中最小的行星。 |
| Moon | UK: /muːn/ US: /muːn/ | Earth's only natural satellite. | 月球：地球唯一的天然卫星。 |
| Neptune | UK: /ˈneptjuːn/ US: /ˈneptuːn/ | The eighth and most distant planet from the Sun. | 海王星：距太阳最远的第八颗行星。 |
| orbital decay | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl dɪˈkeɪ/ | A gradual reduction in orbital size caused by loss of orbital mechanical energy, for example through atmospheric drag. | 轨道衰减：因轨道机械能损失（例如受大气阻力）而导致轨道尺度逐渐减小。 |
| orbital energy | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | The total mechanical energy of an orbiting two-body system, equal to the sum of its kinetic and gravitational potential energies. | 轨道能量：轨道双体系统的总机械能，等于其动能与引力势能之和。 |
| orbital motion | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion of one body around another under gravity. | 轨道运动：物体在引力作用下绕另一物体运动。 |
| orbital period | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl ˈpɪərɪəd/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl ˈpɪriəd/ | The time taken to complete one orbit. | 轨道周期：完成一周轨道运动所需的时间。 |
| orbital speed | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl spiːd/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl spiːd/ | The tangential speed of a body in orbit. | 轨道速率：物体沿轨道切向运动的速率。 |
| periapsis | UK: /ˌperiˈæpsɪs/ US: /ˌperiˈæpsɪs/ | The point in an orbit nearest to the centre of the body being orbited. | 近拱点：轨道上距被绕天体中心最近的点。 |
| perigee | UK: /ˈperɪdʒiː/ US: /ˈperɪdʒiː/ | The periapsis of an orbit around Earth. | 近地点：绕地轨道的近拱点。 |
| perihelion | UK: /ˌperɪˈhiːliən/ US: /ˌperɪˈhiːliən/ | The periapsis of an orbit around the Sun. | 近日点：绕日轨道的近拱点。 |
| planet | UK: /ˈplænɪt/ US: /ˈplænət/ | In the Solar System, a celestial body that orbits the Sun, is nearly spherical under its own gravity, and is gravitationally dominant in its orbital neighbourhood. | 行星：在太阳系中绕太阳运行、在自身引力作用下接近球形，并在其轨道邻域中占引力主导地位的天体。 |
| point mass | UK: /pɔɪnt mæs/ US: /pɔɪnt mæs/ | An idealized body whose dimensions are negligible compared with the distances relevant to the problem. | 质点：相对于问题中的相关距离，其尺寸可以忽略的理想化物体。 |
| potential gradient | UK: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈɡreɪdɪənt/ US: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈɡreɪdiənt/ | The rate of change of potential with position; its negative gives field strength. | 势梯度：势随位置的变化率，其负值给出场强。 |
| radial field | UK: /ˈreɪdɪəl fiːld/ US: /ˈreɪdiəl fiːld/ | A field whose vectors point directly towards or away from one centre. | 径向场：场矢量沿半径方向指向或背离同一中心的场。 |
| satellite | UK: /ˈsætəˌlaɪt/ US: /ˈsætəˌlaɪt/ | A body that orbits another body. | 卫星：绕另一物体运行的天体或人造物体。 |
| Saturn | UK: /ˈsætən/ US: /ˈsætɚn/ | The sixth planet from the Sun. | 土星：距太阳第六近的行星。 |
| Solar System | UK: /ˈsəʊlə ˌsɪstəm/ US: /ˈsoʊlɚ ˌsɪstəm/ | The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it. | 太阳系：太阳及所有受其引力束缚的天体组成的系统。 |
| spherical mass | UK: /ˈsferɪkəl mæs/ US: /ˈsferɪkəl mæs/ | A spherically symmetric mass distribution treated externally as a point mass. | 球对称质量体：在外部可等效为质量集中在球心的球对称质量分布。 |
| Sun | UK: /sʌn/ US: /sʌn/ | The star at the centre of the Solar System, containing nearly all of the system's mass. | 太阳：位于太阳系中心、包含太阳系几乎全部质量的恒星。 |
| superposition | UK: /ˌsuːpəpəˈzɪʃən/ US: /ˌsuːpərpəˈzɪʃən/ | The principle that the resultant displacement or field at a point is the algebraic or vector sum of the individual contributions. | 叠加原理：某点的合位移或合场等于各独立贡献的代数和或矢量和。 |
| uniform gravitational field | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fiːld/ | A gravitational field with constant magnitude and direction. | 匀强引力场：大小和方向都保持不变的引力场。 |
| universal law of gravitation | UK: /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl lɔː əv ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃən/ US: /ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsəl lɔː əv ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃən/ | Newton's inverse-square law for the gravitational force between two point masses. | 万有引力定律：牛顿提出的两个质点质量之间引力的平方反比定律。 |
| Uranus | UK: /ˈjʊərənəs/ US: /ˈjʊrənəs/ | The seventh planet from the Sun. | 天王星：距太阳第七近的行星。 |
| Venus | UK: /ˈviːnəs/ US: /ˈviːnəs/ | The second planet from the Sun. | 金星：距太阳第二近的行星。 |
D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| air-core solenoid | UK: /ˈeə kɔː ˈsəʊlənɔɪd/ US: /ˈer kɔːr ˈsoʊlənɔɪd/ | A solenoid with no ferromagnetic core, whose magnetic field is produced by current in its windings. | 空心螺线管：没有铁磁芯、磁场由绕组电流产生的螺线管。 |
| bar magnet | UK: /bɑː ˈmæɡnɪt/ US: /bɑːr ˈmæɡnət/ | A permanent magnet with distinguishable north and south poles. | 条形磁铁：具有明显南、北磁极的永久磁体。 |
| charging by contact | UK: /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ baɪ kənˈtækt/ US: /ˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ baɪ ˈkɑːnˌtækt/ | Transfer and redistribution of charge when conductors touch. | 接触起电：导体接触时电荷转移和重新分布的起电方式。 |
| charging by friction | UK: /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ baɪ ˈfrɪkʃən/ US: /ˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ baɪ ˈfrɪkʃən/ | Transfer of electrons when different materials are rubbed together. | 摩擦起电：不同材料摩擦时电子发生转移的起电方式。 |
| circular coil | UK: /ˈsɜːkjʊlə kɔɪl/ US: /ˈsɝːkjələr kɔɪl/ | A current-carrying conductor formed into a circular loop. | 圆形线圈：绕成圆环形并通有电流的导体。 |
| compass | UK: /ˈkʌmpəs/ US: /ˈkʌmpəs/ | An instrument containing a magnetized needle that aligns with the local magnetic field direction. | 指南针：含有磁化指针、指针会沿局部磁场方向排列的仪器。 |
| conductor | UK: /kənˈdʌktə/ US: /kənˈdʌktɚ/ | A material containing mobile charge carriers. | 导体：含有可自由移动载流子的材料。 |
| conservation of charge | UK: /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən əv tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ˌkɑːnsɚˈveɪʃən əv tʃɑːrdʒ/ | The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant. | 电荷守恒：孤立系统的总电荷保持不变。 |
| Coulomb's law | UK: /ˈkuːlɒmz lɔː/ US: /ˈkuːlɑːmz lɔː/ | The inverse-square relation for the magnitude and line of action of the electrostatic force between point charges. | 库仑定律：描述点电荷间静电力大小及作用线的平方反比关系。 |
| current-carrying wire | UK: /ˈkʌrənt ˈkæriɪŋ ˈwaɪə/ US: /ˈkɝːənt ˈkæriɪŋ ˈwaɪɚ/ | A wire through which electric current flows. | 载流导线：有电流通过的导线。 |
| earthing | UK: /ˈɜːθɪŋ/ US: /ˈɝːθɪŋ/ | Connecting a conductor to Earth so charge can flow to or from the large conducting reservoir of Earth. | 接地：把导体连接到大地，使电荷能够流入或流出作为巨大导体库的大地。 |
| edge effect | UK: /edʒ ɪˈfekt/ US: /edʒ ɪˈfekt/ | The curvature and non-uniformity of field lines near the edges of finite plates. | 边缘效应：有限平行板边缘附近场线弯曲和电场不均匀的现象。 |
| electric charge | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk tʃɑːrdʒ/ | A property of matter that determines electric interactions. | 电荷：决定物质电相互作用的基本属性。 |
| electric field | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ | A vector field defined by the electric force per unit positive test charge. | 电场：由单位正试探电荷所受电场力定义的矢量场。 |
| electric field line | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld laɪn/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld laɪn/ | An imaginary curve whose tangent gives the electric-field direction, conventionally the force direction on a positive test charge. | 电场线：其切线给出电场方向的假想曲线，约定为正试探电荷受力的方向。 |
| electric field strength | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld streŋθ/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld streŋθ/ | The electric force per unit positive test charge at a point. | 电场强度：某点单位正试探电荷所受的电场力。 |
| electric potential | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk pəˈtenʃəl/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk pəˈtenʃəl/ | The electric potential energy per unit charge at a point, relative to a chosen zero. | 电势：相对于所选零点，某点单位电荷所具有的电势能。 |
| electric potential energy | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk pəˈtenʃəl ˈenədʒi/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk pəˈtenʃəl ˈenɚdʒi/ | Energy associated with the configuration of electric charges. | 电势能：由电荷系统构型决定的能量。 |
| electronvolt | UK: /ɪˈlektrɒnvəʊlt/ US: /ɪˈlektrɑːnvoʊlt/ | A unit of energy equal to the energy transferred when a charge of magnitude moves through a potential difference of one volt. | 电子伏特：大小为 的电荷通过一伏特电势差时所转移的能量单位。 |
| electroscope | UK: /ɪˈlektrəskəʊp/ US: /ɪˈlektroʊskoʊp/ | An instrument used to detect electric charge through the force between charged parts. | 验电器：利用带电部件之间的作用力来探测电荷的仪器。 |
| electrostatic equilibrium | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊˈstætɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /ˌɪˌlektroʊˈstætɪk ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | A state in which charge in a conductor has no macroscopic motion and the electric field inside the conducting material is zero. | 静电平衡：导体内电荷无宏观运动且导体材料内部电场为零的状态。 |
| electrostatic induction | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊˈstætɪk ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ US: /ˌɪˌlektroʊˈstætɪk ˌɪnˈdʌkʃən/ | The redistribution of charge in a conductor caused by an external electric field, without direct contact with the inducing body. | 静电感应：外电场在不与感应物体直接接触的情况下引起导体内电荷重新分布。 |
| elementary charge | UK: /ˌelɪˈmentəri tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ˌeləˈmentri tʃɑːrdʒ/ | The positive constant e equal to the magnitude of the charge of a proton or electron. | 元电荷：正的基本常数 e，等于质子或电子电荷量的大小。 |
| equipotential surface | UK: /ˌiːkwɪpəˈtenʃəl ˈsɜːfɪs/ US: /ˌiːkwɪpəˈtenʃəl ˈsɝːfəs/ | A surface on which electric potential is constant. | 等势面：电势处处相同的曲面。 |
| field-line density | UK: /fiːld laɪn ˈdensɪti/ US: /fiːld laɪn ˈdensəti/ | A qualitative graphical indication of relative field magnitude; it is not itself a physical quantity. | 场线密度：定性表示相对场强大小的作图特征，本身不是独立物理量。 |
| grounding | UK: /ˈɡraʊndɪŋ/ US: /ˈɡraʊndɪŋ/ | Connecting a conductor to Earth so charge can flow to or from it. | 接地：将导体与大地连接，使电荷能够流入或流出。 |
| Hall probe | UK: /hɔːl prəʊb/ US: /hɔːl proʊb/ | A sensor that uses the Hall effect to measure magnetic flux density and its sign relative to the probe orientation. | 霍尔探头：利用霍尔效应测量磁通量密度及其相对于探头方向的正负号的传感器。 |
| hollow charged conducting sphere | UK: /ˈhɒləʊ tʃɑːdʒd kənˈdʌktɪŋ sfɪə/ US: /ˈhɑːloʊ tʃɑːrdʒd kənˈdʌktɪŋ sfɪr/ | An isolated charged spherical conducting shell; if its cavity contains no charge, the electric field is zero throughout the cavity and conductor, the potential is constant there, and the external field is that of a point charge at its centre. | 孤立空心带电导体球：若空腔内无电荷，静电平衡时空腔及导体材料内电场均为零、电势为常量，球外电场等效于电荷集中在球心的点电荷。 |
| iron filings | UK: /ˈaɪən ˈfaɪlɪŋz/ US: /ˈaɪɚn ˈfaɪlɪŋz/ | Small iron particles that align in a magnetic field and reveal the field pattern qualitatively. | 铁屑：在磁场中取向排列、可定性显示磁场图样的细小铁颗粒。 |
| magnetic field | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld/ | A vector field that exerts forces on moving charges, electric currents and magnetic dipoles. | 磁场：能够对运动电荷、电流和磁偶极子施加力的矢量场。 |
| magnetic field line | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld laɪn/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld laɪn/ | A closed curve whose tangent gives the local direction of the magnetic field. | 磁场线：其切线方向表示局部磁场方向的闭合曲线。 |
| Millikan's oil-drop experiment | UK: /ˈmɪlɪkənz ˈɔɪl drɒp ɪkˌsperɪmənt/ US: /ˈmɪlɪkənz ˈɔɪl drɑːp ɪkˌsperɪmənt/ | The experiment that provided evidence for quantized electric charge. | 密立根油滴实验：为电荷量子化提供证据的实验。 |
| negative charge | UK: /ˈneɡətɪv tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ˈneɡətɪv tʃɑːrdʒ/ | One of the two types of electric charge, carried by electrons. | 负电荷：两类电荷之一，电子带有负电荷。 |
| neutral body | UK: /ˈnjuːtrəl ˈbɒdi/ US: /ˈnuːtrəl ˈbɑːdi/ | A body with zero net electric charge. | 电中性物体：净电荷为零的物体。 |
| parallel plates | UK: /ˈpærəˌlel pleɪts/ US: /ˈperəˌlel pleɪts/ | Two conducting plates used to produce an approximately uniform electric field. | 平行板：用于产生近似匀强电场的两块平行导体板。 |
| permittivity | UK: /ˌpɜːmɪˈtɪvɪti/ US: /ˌpɝːmɪˈtɪvəti/ | A property of a medium that determines its electric response and the strength of electric fields produced by charges within it. | 介电常数：决定介质电响应以及其中电荷所产生电场强弱的物理属性。 |
| point charge | UK: /pɔɪnt tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /pɔɪnt tʃɑːrdʒ/ | An idealized charged body whose dimensions are negligible compared with the distances involved. | 点电荷：相对于所研究距离，其尺寸可忽略不计的理想化带电体。 |
| positive charge | UK: /ˈpɒzɪtɪv tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ˈpɑːzətɪv tʃɑːrdʒ/ | One of the two types of electric charge, conventionally carried by protons. | 正电荷：两类电荷之一，质子带有正电荷。 |
| potential difference | UK: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfɚəns/ | The difference in electric potential between two points, equal to the change in electric potential energy per unit charge. | 电势差：两点之间电势的差，等于单位电荷电势能的变化量。 |
| quantization of charge | UK: /ˌkwɒntaɪˈzeɪʃən əv tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /ˌkwɑːntaɪˈzeɪʃən əv tʃɑːrdʒ/ | The fact that net charge occurs in discrete multiples of the elementary charge. | 电荷量子化：净电荷只能取元电荷整数倍的性质。 |
| radial electric field | UK: /ˈreɪdiəl ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ US: /ˈreɪdiəl ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ | An electric field whose field lines are directed radially towards or away from a central charge distribution. | 径向电场：电场线沿径向指向或背离中心电荷分布的电场。 |
| right-hand grip rule | UK: /raɪt hænd ɡrɪp ruːl/ US: /raɪt hænd ɡrɪp ruːl/ | A rule in which the right thumb points along conventional current and the curled fingers show the magnetic-field direction around it. | 右手握拳定则：右手拇指指向传统电流方向，弯曲四指所指即为周围磁场方向。 |
| solenoid | UK: /ˈsəʊlənɔɪd/ US: /ˈsoʊlənɔɪd/ | A long helical coil that produces an approximately uniform internal magnetic field. | 螺线管：内部可产生近似匀强磁场的长螺旋线圈。 |
| solid charged conducting sphere | UK: /ˈsɒlɪd tʃɑːdʒd kənˈdʌktɪŋ sfɪə/ US: /ˈsɑːləd tʃɑːrdʒd kənˈdʌktɪŋ sfɪr/ | An isolated charged spherical conductor; in electrostatic equilibrium its electric field is zero inside the conductor, its potential is constant there, and its external field is that of a point charge at its centre. | 孤立实心带电导体球：静电平衡时球内电场为零、电势为常量，球外电场等效于电荷集中在球心的点电荷。 |
| test charge | UK: /test tʃɑːdʒ/ US: /test tʃɑːrdʒ/ | An idealized small positive charge used to define or probe an electric field without significantly disturbing its sources. | 试探电荷：用于定义或探测电场、且不会显著扰动场源的理想微小正电荷。 |
| uniform electric field | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ | An electric field whose vector has the same magnitude and direction throughout the region considered. | 匀强电场：在所考虑区域内电场矢量大小和方向均相同的电场。 |
D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| attractive force | UK: /əˈtræktɪv fɔːs/ US: /əˈtræktɪv fɔːrs/ | A force drawing two bodies or wires towards each other. | 吸引力：使两个物体或导线相互靠近的力。 |
| cathode-ray tube | UK: /ˈkæθəʊd reɪ tjuːb/ US: /ˈkæθoʊd reɪ tuːb/ | An evacuated tube in which an electron beam can be accelerated, deflected and made visible on a fluorescent screen. | 阴极射线管：电子束可在其中被加速、偏转并在荧光屏上显示的真空管。 |
| charge-to-mass ratio | UK: /tʃɑːdʒ tə mæs ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ US: /tʃɑːrdʒ tuː mæs ˈreɪʃioʊ/ | The algebraic electric charge of a particle divided by its mass; its magnitude is often inferred from deflection data. | 荷质比：粒子的代数电荷除以质量；实验中常由偏转数据确定其大小。 |
| charged particle | UK: /tʃɑːdʒd ˈpɑːtɪkəl/ US: /tʃɑːrdʒd ˈpɑːrtəkəl/ | A particle with non-zero net electric charge. | 带电粒子：净电荷不为零的粒子。 |
| circular path | UK: /ˈsɜːkjʊlə pɑːθ/ US: /ˈsɝːkjələr pæθ/ | The path of a charge moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. | 圆形路径：带电粒子垂直进入匀强磁场时形成的轨迹。 |
| crossed fields | UK: /krɒst fiːldz/ US: /krɔːst fiːldz/ | Electric and magnetic fields arranged perpendicular to each other. | 正交场：彼此垂直布置的电场和磁场。 |
| current-carrying conductor | UK: /ˈkʌrənt ˈkæriɪŋ kənˈdʌktə/ US: /ˈkɝːənt ˈkæriɪŋ kənˈdʌktɚ/ | A conductor carrying electric current and therefore subject to magnetic force in a field. | 载流导体：有电流通过、在磁场中会受到磁力的导体。 |
| cyclotron | UK: /ˈsaɪklətrɒn/ US: /ˈsaɪklətrɑːn/ | A particle accelerator that uses a perpendicular magnetic field and an alternating electric field to accelerate charged particles along an expanding path. | 回旋加速器：利用垂直磁场和交变电场，使带电粒子沿逐渐扩大的路径加速的装置。 |
| electric force | UK: /ɪˈlektrɪk fɔːs/ US: /ɪˈlektrɪk fɔːrs/ | The force exerted on a charge by an electric field. | 电场力：电场对电荷施加的力。 |
| electron beam | UK: /ɪˈlektrɒn biːm/ US: /ɪˈlektrɑːn biːm/ | A directed stream of electrons with a relatively narrow range of directions. | 电子束：传播方向范围较窄的定向电子流。 |
| helical path | UK: /ˈhelɪkəl pɑːθ/ US: /ˈhelɪkəl pæθ/ | A helical trajectory produced when a charged particle has velocity components both parallel and perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. | 螺旋路径：带电粒子的速度同时具有平行和垂直于匀强磁场的分量时形成的螺旋轨迹。 |
| Lorentz force | UK: /ˈlɒrənts fɔːs/ US: /ˈlɔːrənts fɔːrs/ | The electromagnetic force on a charge, ; the full vector form is useful enrichment beyond the component relations required in the course. | 洛伦兹力：电荷所受的电磁力，；完整矢量形式属于对课程规定分量关系的有用拓展。 |
| magnetic deflection | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk dɪˈflekʃən/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk dɪˈflekʃən/ | A change in a charged particle's direction caused by magnetic force; in a static magnetic field its kinetic energy remains constant. | 磁偏转：磁力引起的带电粒子运动方向变化；在静磁场中粒子的动能保持不变。 |
| magnetic field strength | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld streŋθ/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld streŋθ/ | The name used in the IB Physics guide for the vector quantity ; its magnitude appears in and . | 磁场强度：IB 物理指南对矢量 的名称；其大小出现在 和 中。 |
| magnetic flux density | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk flʌks ˈdensɪti/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk flʌks ˈdensəti/ | The conventional SI name for the same magnetic-field quantity called magnetic field strength in the IB Physics guide. | 磁感应强度：同一磁场矢量 的常用 SI 名称；IB 物理指南称其为 magnetic field strength。 |
| magnetic force | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk fɔːs/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk fɔːrs/ | The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charge, current or magnetic dipole. | 磁力：磁场对运动电荷、电流或磁偶极子施加的力。 |
| mass spectrometer | UK: /mæs spekˈtrɒmɪtə/ US: /mæs spekˈtrɑːmətɚ/ | An instrument that separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio using electric and magnetic fields. | 质谱仪：利用电场和磁场按质荷比分离离子的仪器。 |
| orbital radius | UK: /ˈɔːbɪtəl ˈreɪdɪəs/ US: /ˈɔːrbətəl ˈreɪdiəs/ | The radius of a charged particle's circular path in a magnetic field. | 轨道半径：带电粒子在磁场中圆周轨迹的半径。 |
| parabolic path | UK: /ˌpærəˈbɒlɪk pɑːθ/ US: /ˌperəˈbɑːlɪk pæθ/ | The trajectory of a particle with uniform motion in one direction and constant acceleration in a perpendicular direction. | 抛物线路径：一个方向匀速、垂直方向匀加速所形成的粒子轨迹。 |
| parallel currents | UK: /ˈpærəˌlel ˈkʌrənts/ US: /ˈperəˌlel ˈkɝːənts/ | Currents flowing in parallel conductors. | 平行电流：在相互平行导线中流动的电流。 |
| repulsive force | UK: /rɪˈpʌlsɪv fɔːs/ US: /riˈpʌlsɪv fɔːrs/ | A force pushing two bodies or wires apart. | 排斥力：使两个物体或导线相互远离的力。 |
| right-hand rule | UK: /raɪt hænd ruːl/ US: /raɪt hænd ruːl/ | A hand rule used to determine magnetic-field or force direction. | 右手定则：用于判断磁场方向或磁力方向的手势规则。 |
| uniform electric field | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld/ | An electric field whose vector has the same magnitude and direction throughout the region considered. | 匀强电场：在所考虑区域内电场矢量大小和方向均相同的电场。 |
| uniform magnetic field | UK: /ˈjuːnɪˌfɔːm mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld/ US: /ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld/ | A magnetic field whose vector has the same magnitude and direction throughout the region considered. | 匀强磁场：在所考虑区域内磁场矢量大小和方向均相同的磁场。 |
| velocity selector | UK: /vəˈlɒsɪti sɪˈlektə/ US: /vəˈlɑːsəti sɪˈlektər/ | A crossed-field device in which electric and magnetic forces cancel for particles of one selected speed. | 速度选择器：利用正交电场力和磁场力相互抵消，使某一选定速率的粒子无偏转通过的装置。 |
D.4 Induction
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| alternating current | UK: /ˈɔːltəneɪtɪŋ ˈkʌrənt/ US: /ˈɔːltɚˌneɪtɪŋ ˈkɝːənt/ | An electric current that reverses direction periodically. | 交流电：方向随时间周期性改变的电流。 |
| alternating emf | UK: /ˈɔːltəneɪtɪŋ ˌiː em ˈef/ US: /ˈɔːltɚˌneɪtɪŋ ˌiː em ˈef/ | An induced emf that reverses polarity periodically. | 交变电动势：极性随时间周期性反转的电动势。 |
| area normal | UK: /ˈeəriə ˈnɔːməl/ US: /ˈeriə ˈnɔːrməl/ | A vector perpendicular to a surface used to define flux orientation. | 面积法向量：垂直于表面、用于定义磁通方向的矢量。 |
| back emf | UK: /bæk ˌiː em ˈef/ US: /bæk ˌiː em ˈef/ | An induced emf that opposes the applied change producing it. | 反电动势：方向与引起它的外加变化相反的感应电动势。 |
| coil | UK: /kɔɪl/ US: /kɔɪl/ | A conductor wound into one or more loops. | 线圈：绕成一匝或多匝的导体。 |
| electromagnetic induction | UK: /ɪˌlektrəʊməɡˈnetɪk ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ US: /ˌɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk ˌɪnˈdʌkʃən/ | The production of an emf by a changing magnetic flux linkage. | 电磁感应：磁通链变化产生电动势的现象。 |
| energy conservation | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˌkɑːnsɚˈveɪʃən/ | The principle explaining why induced effects oppose the change that creates them. | 能量守恒：解释感应效应为何阻碍原有变化的基本原理。 |
| Faraday's law | UK: /ˈfærədeɪz lɔː/ US: /ˈfærədeɪz lɔː/ | The induced emf around a circuit equals the negative rate of change of magnetic flux linkage. | 法拉第电磁感应定律：电路中的感应电动势等于磁通链变化率的负值。 |
| flux linkage | UK: /flʌks ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/ US: /flʌks ˈlɪŋkədʒ/ | The product of the number of turns and magnetic flux through one turn. | 磁通链：线圈匝数与单匝磁通量的乘积。 |
| galvanometer | UK: /ˌɡælvəˈnɒmɪtə/ US: /ˌɡælvəˈnɑːmətɚ/ | A sensitive instrument used to detect or measure small electric currents. | 检流计：用于探测或测量微小电流的灵敏仪表。 |
| generator | UK: /ˈdʒenəˌreɪtə/ US: /ˈdʒenɚˌeɪtɚ/ | A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by induction. | 发电机：通过电磁感应将机械能转化为电能的装置。 |
| induced current | UK: /ɪnˈdjuːst ˈkʌrənt/ US: /ɪnˈduːst ˈkɝːənt/ | A current caused by an induced emf in a closed circuit. | 感应电流：闭合电路中由感应电动势产生的电流。 |
| induced emf | UK: /ɪnˈdjuːst ˌiː em ˈef/ US: /ɪnˈduːst ˌiː em ˈef/ | An electromotive force produced by electromagnetic induction. | 感应电动势：由电磁感应产生的电动势。 |
| Lenz's law | UK: /ˈlentsɪz lɔː/ US: /ˈlentsɪz lɔː/ | The direction of an induced current is such that its magnetic effect opposes the change in flux that produces it. | 楞次定律：感应电流的磁效应总是阻碍产生该电流的磁通变化。 |
| magnetic flux | UK: /mæɡˈnetɪk flʌks/ US: /mæɡˈnetɪk flʌks/ | For a uniform magnetic field through a plane area, , where is the angle between and the area normal. | 磁通量：匀强磁场穿过平面面积时，，其中 为 与面积法线的夹角。 |
| motional emf | UK: /ˈməʊʃənəl ˌiː em ˈef/ US: /ˈmoʊʃənəl ˌiː em ˈef/ | An emf produced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field. | 动生电动势：导体在磁场中运动时产生的电动势。 |
| mutual induction | UK: /ˈmjuːtʃuəl ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ US: /ˈmjuːtʃuəl ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ | The induction of an emf in one circuit by a changing current, and hence changing magnetic flux, in another circuit. | 互感：一个电路中的变化电流造成磁通量变化，从而在另一个电路中产生感应电动势。 |
| primary coil | UK: /ˈpraɪməri kɔɪl/ US: /ˈpraɪmeri kɔɪl/ | The transformer coil connected to the input supply. | 原线圈：变压器中连接输入电源的线圈。 |
| rectangular coil | UK: /rekˈtænɡjʊlə kɔɪl/ US: /rekˈtæŋɡjəlɚ kɔɪl/ | A coil whose turns have rectangular shape. | 矩形线圈：每匝呈矩形的线圈。 |
| relative motion | UK: /ˈrelətɪv ˈməʊʃən/ US: /ˈrelətɪv ˈmoʊʃən/ | Motion of a conductor and magnetic field relative to each other. | 相对运动：导体与磁场之间的位置随时间发生相对变化。 |
| rotating coil | UK: /rəʊˈteɪtɪŋ kɔɪl/ US: /ˈroʊˌteɪtɪŋ kɔɪl/ | A coil rotating in a magnetic field to produce changing flux. | 旋转线圈：在磁场中转动并产生磁通变化的线圈。 |
| secondary coil | UK: /ˈsekəndəri kɔɪl/ US: /ˈsekənderi kɔɪl/ | The transformer coil across which the output emf is induced. | 副线圈：变压器中产生输出感应电动势的线圈。 |
| self-induction | UK: /self ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ US: /self ˌɪnˈdʌkʃən/ | Induction in a circuit caused by a change in its own current. | 自感：电路自身电流变化引起的电磁感应。 |
| slip ring | UK: /slɪp rɪŋ/ US: /slɪp rɪŋ/ | A conducting ring that maintains electrical contact with a rotating coil without reversing the connection each half-turn. | 滑环：在线圈转动时保持电接触、且每半周不反接连接关系的导电环。 |
| transformer | UK: /trænsˈfɔːmə/ US: /trænsˈfɔːrmɚ/ | A device that uses mutual induction between coils to change an alternating potential difference; it is a useful induction application but transformer calculations are not prescribed in the current course. | 变压器：利用线圈间互感改变交变电势差的装置；它是电磁感应的有用应用，但现行课程不要求变压器定量计算。 |
| weber | UK: /ˈveɪbə/ US: /ˈveɪbər/ | The SI unit of magnetic flux. | 韦伯：磁通量的国际单位。 |
E.1 Structure of the atom
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| absorption spectrum | UK: /əbˈzɔːpʃən ˈspektrəm/ US: /əbˈzɔːrpʃən ˈspektrəm/ | A spectrum containing wavelengths removed by absorption. | 吸收光谱：某些波长被吸收后形成暗线或缺口的光谱。 |
| alpha particle | UK: /ˈælfə ˈpɑːtɪkəl/ US: /ˈælfə ˈpɑːrtəkəl/ | A helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons. | 阿尔法粒子：由两个质子和两个中子组成的氦原子核。 |
| atom | UK: /ˈætəm/ US: /ˈætəm/ | The smallest electrically neutral or ionizable unit of an element that retains its chemical identity. | 原子：保持元素化学性质、可形成离子的最小结构单位。 |
| atomic transition | UK: /əˈtɒmɪk trænˈzɪʃən/ US: /əˈtɑːmɪk trænˈzɪʃən/ | A change between atomic energy levels, accompanied by absorption or emission of the corresponding energy. | 原子跃迁：原子在能级之间发生的转变，并伴随相应能量的吸收或发射。 |
| Bohr model | UK: /bɔː ˈmɒdəl/ US: /bɔːr ˈmɑːdəl/ | An atomic model with electrons in permitted quantized orbits. | 玻尔模型：电子只允许处于量子化轨道的原子模型。 |
| distance of closest approach | UK: /ˈdɪstəns əv ˈkləʊsɪst əˈprəʊtʃ/ US: /ˈdɪstəns əv ˈkloʊsəst əˈproʊtʃ/ | The minimum separation reached in a head-on repulsive scattering event. | 最接近距离：正碰排斥散射中粒子达到的最小间距。 |
| electron | UK: /ɪˈlektrɒn/ US: /ˌɪˈlektrɑːn/ | A negatively charged elementary particle found in atoms. | 电子：原子中的带负电基本粒子。 |
| emission spectrum | UK: /ɪˈmɪʃən ˈspektrəm/ US: /ɪˈmɪʃən ˈspektrəm/ | A spectrum of discrete wavelengths emitted by excited atoms. | 发射光谱：激发原子发出的离散波长组成的光谱。 |
| energy level | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈlevəl/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈlevəl/ | One of the discrete permitted energy eigenvalues of a bound quantum system in the model used. | 能级：在所用模型中，束缚量子系统允许取的离散能量本征值之一。 |
| energy-level diagram | UK: /ˈenədʒi ˈlevəl ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi ˈlevəl ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A diagram showing the allowed discrete energies of a system and possible transitions between them. | 能级图：表示系统允许的离散能量及其间可能跃迁的图。 |
| excited state | UK: /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd steɪt/ US: /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd steɪt/ | An allowed state with energy greater than the ground-state energy. | 激发态：能量高于基态能量的允许状态。 |
| fluorescent screen | UK: /flʊəˈresənt skriːn/ US: /flɔːˈresənt skriːn/ | A screen coated with a material that emits visible light when struck by suitable radiation or charged particles. | 荧光屏：涂有荧光材料、受到适当辐射或带电粒子撞击时发出可见光的屏。 |
| Geiger-Marsden-Rutherford experiment | UK: /ˈɡaɪɡə ˈmɑːzdən ˈrʌðəfəd ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ US: /ˈɡaɪɡɚ ˈmɑːrzdən ˈrʌðɚfɚd ɪkˈsperəmənt/ | The alpha-particle scattering experiment whose results showed that an atom's positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated in a small nucleus. | 盖革-马斯登-卢瑟福实验：通过 α 粒子散射结果表明原子的正电荷及大部分质量集中在很小原子核中的实验。 |
| ground state | UK: /ɡraʊnd steɪt/ US: /ɡraʊnd steɪt/ | The lowest-energy allowed state of a system. | 基态：系统能量最低的允许状态。 |
| ionization energy | UK: /ˌaɪənaɪˈzeɪʃən ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˌaɪənaɪˈzeɪʃən ˈenɚdʒi/ | The minimum energy required to remove an electron completely from an atom in a specified state. | 电离能：把电子从处于指定状态的原子中完全移走所需的最小能量。 |
| line spectrum | UK: /laɪn ˈspektrəm/ US: /laɪn ˈspektrəm/ | A spectrum containing discrete wavelengths produced by transitions between discrete energy levels. | 线光谱：由离散能级之间的跃迁产生、只包含若干离散波长的光谱。 |
| neutron | UK: /ˈnjuːtrɒn/ US: /ˈnuːtrɑːn/ | An electrically neutral nucleon in an atomic nucleus. | 中子：原子核中不带电的核子。 |
| nuclear notation | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə nəʊˈteɪʃən/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ noʊˈteɪʃən/ | The symbolic notation showing proton number, nucleon number and element. | 核素符号：表示质子数、核子数和元素符号的记号。 |
| nuclear radius | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə ˈreɪdɪəs/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ ˈreɪdiəs/ | The effective radius of a nucleus. | 核半径：原子核的有效半径。 |
| nucleon | UK: /ˈnjuːkliɒn/ US: /ˈnuːkliɑːn/ | A proton or neutron. | 核子：质子或中子的统称。 |
| nucleon number | UK: /ˈnjuːkliɒn ˈnʌmbə/ US: /ˈnuːkliɑːn ˈnʌmbɚ/ | The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. | 核子数：原子核中质子和中子的总数。 |
| nucleus | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪəs/ US: /ˈnuːkliəs/ | The small, dense central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons and carrying positive charge. | 原子核：原子中心体积很小、密度很大、含有质子和中子并带正电的部分。 |
| photon | UK: /ˈfəʊtɒn/ US: /ˈfoʊˌtɑːn/ | A quantum of electromagnetic radiation with energy and momentum . | 光子：电磁辐射的量子，其能量为 ，动量为 。 |
| proton | UK: /ˈprəʊtɒn/ US: /ˈproʊtɑːn/ | A positively charged nucleon in an atomic nucleus. | 质子：原子核中带正电的核子。 |
| proton number | UK: /ˈprəʊtɒn ˈnʌmbə/ US: /ˈproʊtɑːn ˈnʌmbɚ/ | The number of protons in a nucleus. | 质子数：原子核中质子的数目。 |
| quantized angular momentum | UK: /ˈkwɒntaɪzd ˈænɡjʊlə məˈmentəm/ US: /ˈkwɑːntaɪzd ˈæŋɡjəlɚ moʊˈmentəm/ | Angular momentum restricted to discrete permitted values. | 量子化角动量：只能取离散允许值的角动量。 |
| Rutherford scattering | UK: /ˈrʌðəfəd ˈskætərɪŋ/ US: /ˈrʌðərfərd ˈskætɚɪŋ/ | Scattering of alpha particles by nuclei, revealing concentrated positive charge. | 卢瑟福散射：阿尔法粒子被原子核散射并揭示正电荷集中分布的现象。 |
| scattering angle | UK: /ˈskætərɪŋ ˈæŋɡəl/ US: /ˈskætərɪŋ ˈæŋɡəl/ | The angle between a particle's incident direction and its direction after scattering. | 散射角：粒子入射方向与散射后运动方向之间的夹角。 |
E.2 Quantum physics
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| classical wave theory | UK: /ˈklæsɪkəl weɪv ˈθɪəri/ US: /ˈklæsɪkəl weɪv ˈθɪri/ | The non-quantized wave description of electromagnetic radiation. | 经典波动理论：不包含量子概念的电磁辐射波动描述。 |
| collecting electrode | UK: /kəˈlektɪŋ ɪˈlektrəʊd/ US: /kəˈlektɪŋ ɪˈlektroʊd/ | An electrode arranged to collect photoelectrons in a photoelectric-effect apparatus. | 收集电极：在光电效应装置中用于收集光电子的电极。 |
| Compton scattering | UK: /ˈkɒmptən ˈskætərɪŋ/ US: /ˈkɑːmptən ˈskætɚɪŋ/ | Scattering of a photon by a particle, usually an electron, with a wavelength shift determined by the scattering angle. | 康普顿散射：光子被粒子（通常为电子）散射，并产生由散射角决定的波长偏移。 |
| de Broglie wavelength | UK: /də brɔɪ ˈweɪvleŋθ/ US: /də brɔɪ ˈweɪvleŋθ/ | The wavelength associated with a particle of momentum p, given by λ = h/p. | 德布罗意波长：与动量为 p 的粒子相关联的波长，满足 λ = h/p。 |
| electron diffraction | UK: /ɪˈlektrɒn dɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /ɪˈlektrɑːn dɪˈfrækʃən/ | Diffraction of electrons, providing evidence for the wave nature of matter. | 电子衍射：电子发生的衍射现象，为物质的波动性提供证据。 |
| incident photon | UK: /ˈɪnsɪdənt ˈfəʊtɒn/ US: /ˈɪnsədənt ˈfoʊtɑːn/ | A photon approaching and interacting with a target particle or material. | 入射光子：接近并与靶粒子或材料发生相互作用的光子。 |
| matter wave | UK: /ˈmætə weɪv/ US: /ˈmætɚ weɪv/ | The wave behaviour associated with a material particle. | 物质波：与实物粒子相关联的波动性质。 |
| maximum kinetic energy | UK: /ˈmæksɪməm kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈmæksəməm kɪˈnetɪk ˈenɚdʒi/ | The greatest kinetic energy among emitted photoelectrons. | 最大动能：发射光电子中最大的动能。 |
| particle diffraction | UK: /ˈpɑːtɪkəl dɪˈfrækʃən/ US: /ˈpɑːrtəkəl dɪˈfrækʃən/ | Diffraction shown by particles when their wavelength is comparable to structural spacing. | 粒子衍射：粒子波长与结构尺度相当时出现的衍射现象。 |
| photocathode | UK: /ˌfəʊtəʊˈkæθəʊd/ US: /ˌfoʊtoʊˈkæθoʊd/ | A light-sensitive cathode that emits electrons by the photoelectric effect. | 光电阴极：通过光电效应发射电子的光敏阴极。 |
| photocell | UK: /ˈfəʊtəʊsel/ US: /ˈfoʊtoʊsel/ | A light-sensitive device whose electrical response depends on illumination; a photoelectric-effect photocell contains emitting and collecting electrodes. | 光电管（光电池）：电学响应取决于照明的光敏器件；光电效应实验中的光电管含发射电极和收集电极。 |
| photoelectric effect | UK: /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈlektrɪk ɪˈfekt/ US: /ˌfoʊtoʊɪˈlektrɪk ɪˈfekt/ | The emission of electrons from a material after absorption of electromagnetic radiation. | 光电效应：物质吸收电磁辐射后发射电子的现象。 |
| photoelectron | UK: /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈlektrɒn/ US: /ˌfoʊtoʊɪˈlektrɑːn/ | An electron emitted by the photoelectric effect. | 光电子：在光电效应中从材料表面逸出的电子。 |
| photon momentum | UK: /ˈfəʊtɒn məˈmentəm/ US: /ˈfoʊtɑːn moʊˈmentəm/ | The momentum carried by a photon, with magnitude . | 光子动量：光子携带的动量，其大小为 。 |
| Planck constant | UK: /plæŋk ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /plæŋk ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The universal constant relating photon energy to frequency and wavelength to momentum. | 普朗克常数：联系光子能量与频率、粒子波长与动量的普适常数。 |
| recoiling electron | UK: /rɪˈkɔɪlɪŋ ɪˈlektrɒn/ US: /rɪˈkɔɪlɪŋ ɪˈlektrɑːn/ | An electron that gains momentum and kinetic energy when a photon scatters from it. | 反冲电子：光子与其散射后获得动量和动能的电子。 |
| scattered photon | UK: /ˈskætəd ˈfəʊtɒn/ US: /ˈskætɚd ˈfoʊtɑːn/ | A photon whose direction and, in Compton scattering, wavelength have changed through interaction with an electron. | 散射光子：与电子相互作用后传播方向发生改变、且在康普顿散射中波长也发生改变的光子。 |
| stopping potential | UK: /ˈstɒpɪŋ pəˈtenʃəl/ US: /ˈstɑːpɪŋ pəˈtenʃəl/ | The reverse potential difference required to stop the most energetic photoelectrons. | 遏止电势：恰好阻止最大动能光电子到达收集极所需的反向电势差。 |
| threshold frequency | UK: /ˈθreˌʃəʊld ˈfriːkwənsi/ US: /ˈθreˌʃoʊld ˈfriːkwənsi/ | The minimum radiation frequency required to emit photoelectrons. | 截止频率：能够产生光电子的最低入射辐射频率。 |
| wave-particle duality | UK: /weɪv ˈpɑːtɪkəl djuːˈælɪti/ US: /weɪv ˈpɑːrtəkəl duˈæləti/ | The quantum behaviour in which light and matter require both wave-like and particle-like descriptions, depending on the experiment. | 波粒二象性：光和物质在不同实验中需要同时借助波动性和粒子性描述的量子行为。 |
| wavelength shift | UK: /ˈweɪvˌleŋθ ʃɪft/ US: /ˈweɪvˌleŋθ ʃɪft/ | The difference between final and initial photon wavelength. | 波长偏移：光子末波长与初波长之差。 |
| work function | UK: /wɜːk ˈfʌŋkʃən/ US: /wɝːk ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a material. | 逸出功：使电子从材料表面逸出所需的最小能量。 |
E.3 Radioactive decay
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| activity | UK: /ækˈtɪvɪti/ US: /ækˈtɪvəti/ | The mean number of nuclear decays per unit time in a radioactive sample. | 活度：放射性样品单位时间内发生核衰变的平均次数。 |
| alpha decay | UK: /ˈælfə dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈælfə dɪˈkeɪ/ | Decay in which a nucleus emits an alpha particle. | 阿尔法衰变：原子核发射阿尔法粒子的衰变。 |
| alpha particle | UK: /ˈælfə ˈpɑːtɪkəl/ US: /ˈælfə ˈpɑːrtəkəl/ | A helium-4 nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons, with charge . | α 粒子：由两个质子和两个中子组成、带电荷 的氦-4 原子核。 |
| antineutrino | UK: /ˌæntinjuːˈtriːnəʊ/ US: /ˌæntinuːˈtriːnoʊ/ | The antiparticle of the neutrino, electrically neutral and participating in the weak interaction. | 反中微子：中微子的反粒子，电中性并参与弱相互作用。 |
| background radiation | UK: /ˈbækˌɡraʊnd ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˈbækˌɡraʊnd ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | Ionizing radiation detected from environmental and instrumental sources other than the source being investigated. | 本底辐射：来自待测源之外的环境和仪器来源、被探测到的电离辐射。 |
| becquerel | UK: /ˌbekəˈrel/ US: /ˌbekəˈrel/ | The SI unit of activity equal to one decay per second. | 贝可勒尔：活度的国际单位，等于每秒一次衰变。 |
| beta particle | UK: /ˈbiːtə ˈpɑːtɪkəl/ US: /ˈbeɪtə ˈpɑːrtəkəl/ | A high-speed electron or positron emitted in beta decay. | β 粒子：在 β 衰变中发射的高速电子或正电子。 |
| beta-minus decay | UK: /ˈbiːtə ˈmaɪnəs dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈbeɪtə ˈmaɪnəs dɪˈkeɪ/ | Decay in which a neutron changes into a proton, electron and antineutrino. | 贝塔负衰变：中子转化为质子、电子和反中微子的衰变。 |
| beta-plus decay | UK: /ˈbiːtə plʌs dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈbeɪtə plʌs dɪˈkeɪ/ | Decay in which a proton changes into a neutron, positron and neutrino. | 贝塔正衰变：质子转化为中子、正电子和中微子的衰变。 |
| binding energy | UK: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenədʒi/ US: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenɚdʒi/ | The positive energy required to separate a bound system into specified free constituents. | 结合能：将束缚系统分离成指定自由组分所需的正能量。 |
| binding energy per nucleon | UK: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenədʒi pə ˈnjuːkliɒn/ US: /ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenɚdʒi pɚ ˈnuːkliɑːn/ | The total binding energy of a nucleus divided by its nucleon number. | 平均每核子结合能：原子核总结合能除以核子数。 |
| cloud chamber | UK: /klaʊd ˈtʃeɪmbə/ US: /klaʊd ˈtʃeɪmbɚ/ | A detector in which charged particles leave visible condensation tracks in a supersaturated vapour. | 云室：带电粒子在过饱和蒸气中留下可见凝结径迹的探测器。 |
| continuous beta spectrum | UK: /kənˈtɪnjuːəs ˈbiːtə ˈspektrəm/ US: /kənˈtɪnjuəs ˈbeɪtə ˈspektrəm/ | The continuous distribution of beta-particle energies. | 连续贝塔能谱：贝塔粒子能量呈连续分布的能谱。 |
| corrected count rate | UK: /kəˈrektɪd kaʊnt reɪt/ US: /kəˈrektɪd kaʊnt reɪt/ | The measured count rate after subtracting the background count rate. | 修正计数率：从测得计数率中扣除本底计数率后得到的计数率。 |
| count rate | UK: /kaʊnt reɪt/ US: /kaʊnt reɪt/ | The number of detector counts recorded per unit time. | 计数率：探测器单位时间记录的计数。 |
| daughter nuclide | UK: /ˈdɔːtə ˈnjuːklaɪd/ US: /ˈdɔːtɚ ˈnuːklaɪd/ | The nuclide produced directly by the radioactive decay of a parent nuclide. | 子核素：母核素发生放射性衰变后直接生成的核素。 |
| decay constant | UK: /dɪˈkeɪ ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /dɪˈkeɪ ˈkɑːnstənt/ | The constant decay probability per unit time for an individual unstable nucleus in the exponential-decay model. | 衰变常数：在指数衰变模型中，单个不稳定原子核单位时间发生衰变的恒定概率参数。 |
| discrete gamma spectrum | UK: /dɪˈskriːt ˈɡæmə ˈspektrəm/ US: /dɪˈskriːt ˈɡæmə ˈspektrəm/ | A set of distinct gamma-ray energies from nuclear transitions. | 离散伽马能谱：核能级跃迁产生的一组离散伽马射线能量。 |
| dosimeter | UK: /dəʊˈsɪmɪtə/ US: /doʊˈsɪmətɚ/ | A device used to measure accumulated exposure to ionizing radiation. | 剂量计：用于测量累积电离辐射照射量的装置。 |
| exponential decay | UK: /ˌekspəʊˈnenʃəl dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˌekspoʊˈnenʃəl dɪˈkeɪ/ | Decay in which the rate is proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei. | 指数衰变：衰变率与未衰变核数成正比的衰变规律。 |
| gamma decay | UK: /ˈɡæmə dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˈɡæmə dɪˈkeɪ/ | A nuclear transition that emits a gamma photon without changing nucleon or proton number. | 伽马衰变：原子核发射伽马光子而核子数和质子数不变的跃迁。 |
| gamma radiation | UK: /ˈɡæmə ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˈɡæmə ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | High-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted in nuclear transitions. | γ 辐射：核能级跃迁中发出的高能电磁辐射。 |
| Geiger-Müller tube | UK: /ˈɡaɪɡə ˈmʊlə tjuːb/ US: /ˈɡaɪɡɚ ˈmʊlɚ tuːb/ | A gas-filled detector that produces an electrical pulse when ionizing radiation causes ionization in the tube. | 盖革-米勒计数管：电离辐射使管内气体电离时产生电脉冲的充气式探测器。 |
| half-life | UK: /hɑːf laɪf/ US: /hæf laɪf/ | The time for the expected number of undecayed nuclei, or the activity of a large sample, to fall to half its initial value. | 半衰期：大量样品中未衰变核的期望数目或活度降至初值一半所需的时间。 |
| ionizing power | UK: /ˈaɪənaɪzɪŋ ˈpaʊə/ US: /ˈaɪənaɪzɪŋ ˈpaʊɚ/ | The ability of radiation to produce ions in matter. | 电离能力：辐射使物质产生离子的能力。 |
| ionizing radiation | UK: /ˈaɪənaɪzɪŋ ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˈaɪənaɪzɪŋ ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ | Radiation with sufficient energy per particle or photon to remove electrons from atoms or molecules. | 电离辐射：单个粒子或光子的能量足以从原子或分子中移走电子的辐射。 |
| isotope | UK: /ˈaɪsəˌtəʊp/ US: /ˈaɪsətoʊp/ | One of two or more nuclides with the same proton number but different neutron numbers. | 同位素：质子数相同而中子数不同的一组核素中的一种。 |
| mass defect | UK: /mæs ˈdiːfekt/ US: /mæs ˈdiːfekt/ | The sum of the rest masses of the separated constituent nucleons minus the rest mass of the bound nucleus. | 质量亏损：分离核子的静质量总和减去束缚原子核静质量所得的差。 |
| mass-energy equivalence | UK: /mæs ˈenədʒi ɪˈkwɪvələns/ US: /mæs ˈenɚdʒi ɪˈkwɪvələns/ | The equivalence of mass and energy expressed by E equals mc squared. | 质能等价：由 E=mc² 表示的质量与能量等价关系。 |
| neutrino | UK: /njuːˈtriːnəʊ/ US: /nuːˈtriːnoʊ/ | An electrically neutral elementary particle with very small non-zero mass that participates in the weak interaction. | 中微子：电中性、质量很小但不为零，并参与弱相互作用的基本粒子。 |
| neutron-to-proton ratio | UK: /ˈnjuːtrɒn tə ˈprəʊtɒn ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ US: /ˈnuːtrɑːn tuː ˈproʊtɑːn ˈreɪʃioʊ/ | The ratio of neutron number to proton number in a nucleus. | 中子质子比：原子核中中子数与质子数之比。 |
| nuclear stability | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə stəˈbɪlɪti/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ stəˈbɪlɪti/ | The tendency of a nucleus to remain unchanged rather than decay. | 核稳定性：原子核保持不变而不发生衰变的能力。 |
| nuclide | UK: /ˈnjuːklaɪd/ US: /ˈnuːklaɪd/ | A species of atom specified by its proton number and neutron number. | 核素：由质子数和中子数确定的原子种类。 |
| parent nuclide | UK: /ˈpeərənt ˈnjuːklaɪd/ US: /ˈperənt ˈnuːklaɪd/ | The radioactive nuclide that undergoes decay to produce a daughter nuclide. | 母核素：发生衰变并生成子核素的放射性核素。 |
| penetrating power | UK: /ˈpenɪˌtreɪtɪŋ ˈpaʊə/ US: /ˈpenəˌtreɪtɪŋ ˈpaʊɚ/ | The ability of radiation to pass through matter. | 穿透能力：辐射穿过物质的能力。 |
| positron | UK: /ˈpɒzɪtrɒn/ US: /ˈpɑːzɪtrɑːn/ | The positively charged antiparticle of the electron. | 正电子：电子的带正电反粒子。 |
| radiation detector | UK: /ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən dɪˈtektə/ US: /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən dɪˈtektɚ/ | A device that produces a measurable response when radiation deposits energy in it. | 辐射探测器：辐射在其中沉积能量时产生可测响应的装置。 |
| radioactive dating | UK: /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈæktɪv ˈdeɪtɪŋ/ US: /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv ˈdeɪtɪŋ/ | Determining the age of a sample from measured parent or daughter nuclide quantities and a known decay law. | 放射性测年：依据测得的母核素或子核素含量以及已知衰变规律确定样品年龄的方法。 |
| radioactive decay | UK: /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈæktɪv dɪˈkeɪ/ US: /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv dɪˈkeɪ/ | The spontaneous and random transformation of an unstable nucleus into another state or nuclide. | 放射性衰变：不稳定原子核自发且随机地转变为另一状态或核素的过程。 |
| radioactive tracer | UK: /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈæktɪv ˈtreɪsə/ US: /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv ˈtreɪsɚ/ | A radioactive substance used to follow the movement or distribution of material by detecting its radiation. | 放射性示踪剂：通过探测其辐射来追踪物质运动或分布的放射性物质。 |
| scintillation detector | UK: /ˌsɪntɪˈleɪʃən dɪˈtektə/ US: /ˌsɪntəˈleɪʃən dɪˈtektɚ/ | A detector in which radiation produces flashes of light that are converted into electrical pulses. | 闪烁探测器：辐射在其中产生闪光、再把闪光转换为电脉冲的探测器。 |
| strong nuclear force | UK: /strɒŋ ˈnjuːklɪə fɔːs/ US: /strɔːŋ ˈnuːkliɚ fɔːrs/ | The short-range interaction between nucleons that is attractive over typical nuclear separations and strongly repulsive at very small separations. | 强核力：核子之间的短程相互作用，在典型核尺度上表现为吸引，在极短距离处具有强排斥性。 |
| unified atomic mass unit | UK: /ˈjuːnɪfaɪd əˈtɒmɪk mæs ˈjuːnɪt/ US: /ˈjuːnəfaɪd əˈtɑːmɪk mæs ˈjuːnət/ | A unit of mass, symbol , defined as one twelfth of the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. | 统一原子质量单位：符号为 的质量单位，定义为基态中性碳-12 原子质量的十二分之一。 |
E.4 Fission
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| chain reaction | UK: /tʃeɪn rɪˈækʃən/ US: /tʃeɪn riˈækʃən/ | A sequence in which neutrons released by one fission generation induce fissions in later generations. | 链式反应：一代裂变释放的中子继续诱发后续各代裂变的过程。 |
| control rod | UK: /kənˈtrəʊl rɒd/ US: /kənˈtroʊl rɑːd/ | A neutron-absorbing reactor component inserted or withdrawn to control the fission rate. | 控制棒：通过插入或抽出吸收中子、调节裂变速率的反应堆部件。 |
| coolant | UK: /ˈkuːlənt/ US: /ˈkuːlənt/ | A fluid that transfers thermal energy away from a reactor core. | 冷却剂：把热能从反应堆堆芯带走的流体。 |
| criticality | UK: /ˌkrɪtɪˈkæləti/ US: /ˌkrɪtɪˈkæləti/ | The state of a fission chain reaction: subcritical if it decreases, critical if it remains steady, and supercritical if it increases. | 临界状态：裂变链式反应的状态；反应衰减、稳定或增强时分别称为次临界、临界和超临界。 |
| energy release | UK: /ˈenədʒi rɪˈliːs/ US: /ˈenɚdʒi riˈliːs/ | The difference between initial and final total rest energy appearing as kinetic energy, radiation or other transferred energy. | 能量释放：初末总静能之差表现为动能、辐射能或其他传递能量。 |
| fissile material | UK: /ˈfɪsaɪl məˈtɪəriəl/ US: /ˈfɪsəl məˈtɪriəl/ | A material containing nuclides capable of sustaining a chain reaction with neutrons of the relevant energies. | 易裂变材料：含有能够在相应能量中子作用下维持链式反应的核素的材料。 |
| fission fragment | UK: /ˈfɪʃən ˈfræɡmənt/ US: /ˈfɪʃən ˈfræɡmənt/ | One of the smaller nuclei produced in fission. | 裂变碎片：核裂变产生的较轻原子核之一。 |
| fission product | UK: /ˈfɪʃən ˈprɒdʌkt/ US: /ˈfɪʃən ˈprɑːdʌkt/ | A nuclide produced by fission, including the primary fragments and their radioactive decay products. | 裂变产物：裂变产生的核素，包括初级裂变碎片及其放射性衰变产物。 |
| heat exchanger | UK: /hiːt eksˈtʃeɪndʒə/ US: /hiːt ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒɚ/ | A device that transfers thermal energy between fluids without mixing them. | 热交换器：在流体不混合的情况下传递热能的装置。 |
| moderator | UK: /ˈmɒdəˌreɪtə/ US: /ˈmɑːdɚˌeɪtɚ/ | A reactor material that slows neutrons, mainly by collisions, while absorbing relatively few of them. | 慢化剂：主要通过碰撞使中子减速、同时只吸收较少中子的反应堆材料。 |
| neutron absorption | UK: /ˈnjuːtrɒn əbˈzɔːpʃən/ US: /ˈnuːtrɑːn əbˈzɔːrpʃən/ | A nuclear process in which a nucleus captures a neutron. | 中子吸收：原子核俘获一个中子的核过程。 |
| neutron-induced fission | UK: /ˈnjuːtrɒn ɪnˈdjuːst ˈfɪʃən/ US: /ˈnuːtrɑːn ɪnˈduːst ˈfɪʃən/ | Fission initiated when a nucleus absorbs a neutron. | 中子诱发裂变：原子核吸收中子后发生的裂变。 |
| nuclear fission | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə ˈfɪʃən/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ ˈfɪʃən/ | The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei, usually with neutrons and energy released. | 核裂变：重原子核分裂成两个较轻原子核，通常同时释放中子和能量的过程。 |
| nuclear fuel | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə ˈfjuːəl/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ ˈfjuːəl/ | A fissile material used to sustain fission in a reactor. | 核燃料：在反应堆中维持裂变反应的可裂变材料。 |
| nuclear power plant | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə ˈpaʊə plɑːnt/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ ˈpaʊɚ plænt/ | A facility that uses controlled nuclear fission to provide thermal energy for electrical power generation. | 核电站：利用受控核裂变提供热能以发电的设施。 |
| nuclear reactor | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə rɪˈæktə/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ riˈæktɚ/ | A system in which a controlled fission chain reaction releases energy. | 核反应堆：通过受控裂变链式反应释放能量的装置。 |
| radioactive waste | UK: /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈæktɪv weɪst/ US: /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv weɪst/ | Radioactive material requiring controlled handling, storage or disposal. | 放射性废物：需要受控处理、储存或处置的放射性材料。 |
| reactor core | UK: /riˈæktə kɔː/ US: /riˈæktɚ kɔːr/ | The region of a nuclear reactor containing the fuel and supporting the controlled fission chain reaction. | 反应堆堆芯：核反应堆中装有燃料并维持受控裂变链式反应的区域。 |
| shielding | UK: /ˈʃiːldɪŋ/ US: /ˈʃiːldɪŋ/ | Material used to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation. | 屏蔽：用于降低电离辐射暴露的材料或措施。 |
| spontaneous fission | UK: /spɒnˈteɪnɪəs ˈfɪʃən/ US: /spɑːnˈteɪniəs ˈfɪʃən/ | Fission occurring without absorption of an incident neutron. | 自发裂变：无需吸收入射中子而发生的裂变。 |
E.5 Fusion and stars
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| arcsecond | UK: /ˈɑːksekənd/ US: /ˈɑːrksekənd/ | An angular unit equal to one three-thousand-six-hundredth of a degree. | 角秒：等于一度的三千六百分之一的角度单位。 |
| astronomical unit | UK: /ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkəl ˈjuːnɪt/ US: /ˌæstrəˈnɑːmɪkəl ˈjuːnət/ | A unit of length defined as exactly . | 天文单位：精确定义为 的长度单位。 |
| black hole | UK: /blæk həʊl/ US: /blæk hoʊl/ | A compact object whose gravitational field is strong enough that no signal from within its event horizon can reach the outside universe. | 黑洞：引力场强到其事件视界以内的任何信号都无法到达外部宇宙的致密天体。 |
| element formation | UK: /ˈelɪmənt fɔːˈmeɪʃən/ US: /ˈeləmənt fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/ | The production of chemical elements through nuclear reactions. | 元素形成：通过核反应生成化学元素的过程。 |
| gravitational force | UK: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fɔːs/ US: /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənəl fɔːrs/ | The attractive force between masses; in a star it acts inward and is balanced by the pressure-gradient force in hydrostatic equilibrium. | 引力：质量之间的吸引力；在恒星中它指向内部，并在流体静力平衡时由压强梯度力平衡。 |
| Hertzsprung-Russell diagram | UK: /ˈhɜːtsprʊŋ ˈrʌsəl ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈhɝːtsprʊŋ ˈrʌsəl ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A graph classifying stars by luminosity and surface temperature. | 赫罗图：按光度和表面温度对恒星分类的图。 |
| high-mass star | UK: /haɪ mæs stɑː/ US: /haɪ mæs stɑːr/ | A star whose comparatively large initial mass leads to high core temperature and an evolutionary path that can end in core collapse. | 大质量恒星：初始质量较大、核心温度较高，演化末期可能发生核心坍缩的恒星。 |
| hydrostatic equilibrium | UK: /ˌhaɪdrəʊˈstætɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ US: /ˌhaɪdroʊˈstætɪk ˌiːkwəˈlɪbriəm/ | The state in which the outward pressure-gradient force balances inward gravity throughout a star. | 流体静力平衡：恒星内部各处向外的压强梯度力与向内的引力相平衡的状态。 |
| instability strip | UK: /ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti strɪp/ US: /ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti strɪp/ | A region of the HR diagram containing pulsating variable stars. | 不稳定带：赫罗图上包含脉动变星的区域。 |
| light-year | UK: /laɪt jɪə/ US: /laɪt jɪr/ | The distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year. | 光年：光在真空中一年传播的距离。 |
| line of constant radius | UK: /laɪn əv ˈkɒnstənt ˈreɪdiəs/ US: /laɪn əv ˈkɑːnstənt ˈreɪdiəs/ | A line on an HR diagram joining stellar states with the same radius, as determined from luminosity and surface temperature. | 等半径线：HR 图上由光度和表面温度确定、连接具有相同恒星半径状态的线。 |
| low-mass star | UK: /ləʊ mæs stɑː/ US: /loʊ mæs stɑːr/ | A star whose comparatively small initial mass leads to an evolution that ends without core-collapse supernova. | 小质量恒星：初始质量较小、演化终点不经历核心坍缩超新星的恒星。 |
| main sequence | UK: /meɪn ˈsiːkwəns/ US: /meɪn ˈsiːkwəns/ | The band on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram occupied by stars that sustain hydrogen fusion in their cores. | 主序：赫罗图上核心持续进行氢聚变的恒星所在的带状区域。 |
| neutron star | UK: /ˈnjuːtrɒn stɑː/ US: /ˈnuːtrɑːn stɑːr/ | A compact stellar remnant composed predominantly of neutron-rich matter after the core collapse of a sufficiently massive star. | 中子星：足够大质量恒星发生核心坍缩后形成、主要由富中子物质构成的致密恒星遗迹。 |
| nuclear fusion | UK: /ˈnjuːklɪə ˈfjuːʒən/ US: /ˈnuːkliɚ ˈfjuːʒən/ | A nuclear reaction in which light nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei, with energy released when the products have lower total rest mass. | 核聚变：轻原子核结合形成较重原子核的反应；当产物总静质量较小时释放能量。 |
| parsec | UK: /ˈpɑːsek/ US: /ˈpɑːrsek/ | The distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond, approximately 3.26 light-years. | 秒差距：一个天文单位张角为一角秒时对应的距离，约为 3.26 光年。 |
| planetary nebula | UK: /ˈplænɪtəri ˈnebjʊlə/ US: /ˈplænəteri ˈnebjələ/ | An expanding shell of gas ejected by a low- or intermediate-mass star near the end of its evolution. | 行星状星云：小质量或中等质量恒星在演化末期抛出的膨胀气体壳层。 |
| protostar | UK: /ˈprəʊtəʊstɑː/ US: /ˈproʊtoʊstɑːr/ | A forming star before sustained hydrogen fusion begins. | 原恒星：持续氢聚变开始前正在形成的恒星。 |
| radiation pressure | UK: /ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən ˈpreʃə/ US: /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən ˈpreʃɚ/ | Pressure produced when electromagnetic radiation transfers momentum to matter. | 辐射压：电磁辐射向物质传递动量所产生的压强。 |
| red giant | UK: /red ˈdʒaɪənt/ US: /red ˈdʒaɪənt/ | A cool luminous evolved star with a large radius. | 红巨星：表面较冷、光度较高且半径很大的演化恒星。 |
| red supergiant | UK: /red ˈsuːpədʒaɪənt/ US: /red ˈsuːpɚdʒaɪənt/ | A cool, highly luminous evolved high-mass star with a very large radius. | 红超巨星：表面温度较低、光度很高且半径很大的演化后大质量恒星。 |
| stellar core | UK: /ˈstelə kɔː/ US: /ˈstelɚ kɔːr/ | The central region of a star, where density and temperature may be sufficient for fusion. | 恒星核心：恒星的中央区域，其中密度和温度可能足以发生核聚变。 |
| stellar evolution | UK: /ˈstelə ˌiːvəˈluːʃən/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˌevəˈluːʃən/ | The sequence of changes in a star over its lifetime. | 恒星演化：恒星一生中经历的一系列变化。 |
| stellar fusion | UK: /ˈstelə ˈfjuːʒən/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˈfjuːʒən/ | Fusion reactions that supply energy inside stars. | 恒星核聚变：在恒星内部提供能量的聚变反应。 |
| stellar luminosity | UK: /ˈstelə ˌluːmɪˈnɒsɪti/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˌluːməˈnɑːsəti/ | The total power emitted by a star. | 恒星光度：恒星发射的总功率。 |
| stellar parallax | UK: /ˈstelə ˈpærəlæks/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˈpærəlæks/ | Half the apparent annual angular shift of a nearby star relative to distant background objects, as viewed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit. | 恒星视差：从地球轨道两侧观测时，邻近恒星相对于遥远背景天体周年视位置总变化角的一半。 |
| stellar radius | UK: /ˈstelə ˈreɪdɪəs/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˈreɪdiəs/ | The effective radius of a star. | 恒星半径：恒星的有效半径。 |
| stellar remnant | UK: /ˈstelə ˈremnənt/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˈremnənt/ | The compact object left after a star ends its active evolutionary stages. | 恒星遗骸：恒星主要演化阶段结束后留下的致密天体。 |
| stellar spectrum | UK: /ˈstelə ˈspektrəm/ US: /ˈstelɚ ˈspektrəm/ | The distribution of a star's emitted intensity with wavelength. | 恒星光谱：恒星辐射强度随波长的分布。 |
| supergiant | UK: /ˈsuːpədʒaɪənt/ US: /ˈsuːpərdʒaɪənt/ | An extremely luminous star with a very large radius. | 超巨星：光度极高、半径很大的恒星。 |
| supernova | UK: /ˌsuːpəˈnəʊvə/ US: /ˌsuːpɚˈnoʊvə/ | A stellar explosion that produces a rapid, very large increase in luminosity and ejects stellar material. | 超新星：使恒星光度在短时间内大幅增加并抛射恒星物质的恒星爆发现象。 |
| surface temperature | UK: /ˈsɜːfɪs ˈtemprətʃə/ US: /ˈsɝːfəs ˈtemprətʃɚ/ | The effective temperature characterizing radiation from a star's surface. | 表面温度：表征恒星表面辐射特性的有效温度。 |
| thermal pressure | UK: /ˈθɜːməl ˈpreʃə/ US: /ˈθɝːməl ˈpreʃɚ/ | Pressure in stellar matter arising from the random thermal motion and interactions of its particles. | 热压：由恒星物质中粒子的无规则热运动及相互作用产生的压强。 |
| white dwarf | UK: /waɪt dwɔːf/ US: /waɪt dwɔːrf/ | A compact stellar remnant supported primarily by electron degeneracy pressure. | 白矮星：主要由电子简并压支撑的致密恒星遗骸。 |
Mathematical terminology used in IB Physics（IB 物理涉及的数学术语）
本节收录 IB 物理在代数运算、函数与图像、几何与三角学、矢量、微积分以及实验数据处理中使用的核心数学术语。部分词在前文章节中已按具体物理语境出现；本节重新给出其一般数学含义，以便查阅和课堂表达。
Mathematical notation and operations
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| mathematical notation | UK: /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl nəʊˈteɪʃən/ US: /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl noʊˈteɪʃən/ | A system of symbols and conventions used to represent mathematical quantities, operations and relations. | 数学记号：用于表示数学量、运算和关系的一套符号与约定。 |
| symbol | UK: /ˈsɪmbəl/ US: /ˈsɪmbəl/ | A written sign used to represent a quantity, operation, relation or object. | 符号：用于表示量、运算、关系或对象的书写记号。 |
| equality | UK: /ɪˈkwɒləti/ US: /ɪˈkwɑːləti/ | A statement that two mathematical expressions have the same value. | 等式关系：表示两个数学表达式取值相同的关系。 |
| inequality | UK: /ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ US: /ˌɪnɪˈkwɑːləti/ | A statement comparing two expressions using relations such as greater than or less than. | 不等式关系：使用大于、小于等关系比较两个表达式的陈述。 |
| plus sign | UK: /ˈplʌs saɪn/ US: /ˈplʌs saɪn/ | The symbol , used for addition or to indicate a positive value. | 加号：符号 ，用于表示加法或正值。 |
| minus sign | UK: /ˈmaɪnəs saɪn/ US: /ˈmaɪnəs saɪn/ | The symbol , used for subtraction, a negative value or an opposite direction. | 减号或负号：符号 ，用于表示减法、负值或相反方向。 |
| multiplication | UK: /ˌmʌltɪplɪˈkeɪʃən/ US: /ˌmʌltəpləˈkeɪʃən/ | The operation of combining factors to obtain a product. | 乘法：将若干因数相乘得到乘积的运算。 |
| division | UK: /dɪˈvɪʒən/ US: /dɪˈvɪʒən/ | The operation of finding how many times one quantity is contained in another, or forming a quotient. | 除法：求一个量包含另一个量多少次，或求商的运算。 |
| sum | UK: /sʌm/ US: /sʌm/ | The result of addition, or a quantity formed by adding terms. | 和：加法所得的结果，或若干项相加形成的量。 |
| difference | UK: /ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /ˈdɪfrəns/ | The result obtained by subtracting one quantity from another. | 差：一个量减去另一个量所得的结果。 |
| product | UK: /ˈprɒdʌkt/ US: /ˈprɑːdʌkt/ | The result of multiplication. | 积：乘法所得的结果。 |
| quotient | UK: /ˈkwəʊʃənt/ US: /ˈkwoʊʃənt/ | The result of division. | 商：除法所得的结果。 |
| absolute value | UK: /ˈæbsəluːt ˈvæljuː/ US: /ˈæbsəluːt ˈvæljuː/ | The non-negative distance of a real number from zero, written . | 绝对值：实数到零的非负距离，记作 。 |
| change in | UK: /ˈtʃeɪndʒ ɪn/ US: /ˈtʃeɪndʒ ɪn/ | The final value minus the initial value, commonly represented by the symbol . | 某量的变化量：末值减去初值，通常用符号 表示。 |
| ratio | UK: /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ US: /ˈreɪʃioʊ/ | A comparison of two quantities by division. | 比：通过相除比较两个量所得的关系。 |
| fraction | UK: /ˈfrækʃən/ US: /ˈfrækʃən/ | A number or algebraic expression written as one quantity divided by another non-zero quantity. | 分数或分式：一个量除以另一个非零量所写成的数或代数表达式。 |
| numerator | UK: /ˈnjuːməreɪtə/ US: /ˈnuːməreɪtər/ | The quantity written above the fraction bar. | 分子：写在分数线或分式线上方的量。 |
| denominator | UK: /dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə/ US: /dɪˈnɑːməneɪtər/ | The non-zero quantity written below the fraction bar. | 分母：写在分数线或分式线下方的非零量。 |
| decimal | UK: /ˈdesɪməl/ US: /ˈdesəməl/ | A representation of a number using powers of ten and a decimal point. | 小数：使用十的各次幂和小数点表示的数。 |
| percentage | UK: /pəˈsentɪdʒ/ US: /pərˈsentɪdʒ/ | A ratio expressed as a number of parts per hundred. | 百分数：以每一百份中所占份数表示的比。 |
| summation notation | UK: /səˈmeɪʃən nəʊˈteɪʃən/ US: /səˈmeɪʃən noʊˈteɪʃən/ | Compact notation using the sigma symbol to represent the sum of a sequence of terms. | 求和记号：使用大写希腊字母 紧凑表示一系列项之和的记号。 |
| subscript | UK: /ˈsʌbskrɪpt/ US: /ˈsʌbskrɪpt/ | A smaller symbol written below and to the right of another symbol, often used as a label or index. | 下标：写在另一符号右下方的较小符号，常用于标记或编号。 |
| superscript | UK: /ˈsuːpəskrɪpt/ US: /ˈsuːpərskrɪpt/ | A smaller symbol written above and to the right of another symbol, often used as an exponent. | 上标：写在另一符号右上方的较小符号，常用于表示指数。 |
Algebra and proportionality
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| number | UK: /ˈnʌmbə/ US: /ˈnʌmbər/ | A mathematical object used to count, measure or label quantities. | 数：用于计数、测量或标记数量的数学对象。 |
| integer | UK: /ˈɪntɪdʒə/ US: /ˈɪntədʒər/ | A whole number that may be positive, negative or zero. | 整数：可以为正、负或零的完整数值。 |
| positive number | UK: /ˈpɒzɪtɪv ˈnʌmbə/ US: /ˈpɑːzətɪv ˈnʌmbər/ | A real number greater than zero. | 正数：大于零的实数。 |
| negative number | UK: /ˈneɡətɪv ˈnʌmbə/ US: /ˈneɡətɪv ˈnʌmbər/ | A real number less than zero. | 负数：小于零的实数。 |
| variable | UK: /ˈveərɪəbəl/ US: /ˈveriəbəl/ | A symbol representing a quantity whose value may vary or be unknown. | 变量：表示取值可以变化或尚未知的量的符号。 |
| constant | UK: /ˈkɒnstənt/ US: /ˈkɑːnstənt/ | A quantity whose value is fixed within the context being considered. | 常量：在所讨论情境中取值固定的量。 |
| coefficient | UK: /ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃənt/ US: /ˌkoʊəˈfɪʃənt/ | A numerical or algebraic factor multiplying a term. | 系数：与某一项相乘的数值或代数量。 |
| term | UK: /tɜːm/ US: /tɝːm/ | A single part of an expression separated from other parts by addition or subtraction. | 项：表达式中由加号或减号与其他部分分隔的单独部分。 |
| expression | UK: /ɪkˈspreʃən/ US: /ɪkˈspreʃən/ | A mathematical combination of numbers, variables and operations that does not assert an equality. | 表达式：由数、变量和运算组成，但不陈述等式关系的数学组合。 |
| equation | UK: /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ US: /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ | A statement that two mathematical expressions are equal. | 方程：陈述两个数学表达式相等的关系式。 |
| formula | UK: /ˈfɔːmjələ/ US: /ˈfɔːrmjələ/ | An equation expressing a general relationship between quantities. | 公式：表示若干量之间一般关系的方程。 |
| identity | UK: /aɪˈdentɪti/ US: /aɪˈdentəti/ | An equality that is true for every permitted value of its variables. | 恒等式：对变量所有允许取值都成立的等式。 |
| subject of a formula | UK: /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt əv ə ˈfɔːmjələ/ US: /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt əv ə ˈfɔːrmjələ/ | The variable isolated on one side of a formula. | 公式主项：在公式一侧被单独表示的变量。 |
| rearrangement | UK: /ˌriːəˈreɪndʒmənt/ US: /ˌriːəˈreɪndʒmənt/ | An algebraic transformation that changes the form of an equation while preserving its solutions. | 公式变形：在保持方程解不变的前提下改变其形式的代数变换。 |
| substitution | UK: /ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃən/ US: /ˌsʌbstəˈtuːʃən/ | The replacement of a symbol by a numerical value or an equivalent expression. | 代入：用数值或等价表达式替换某一符号。 |
| solution | UK: /səˈluːʃən/ US: /səˈluːʃən/ | A value or set of values that satisfies an equation or system of equations. | 解：使方程或方程组成立的一个值或一组值。 |
| simultaneous equations | UK: /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəs ɪˈkweɪʒənz/ US: /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəs ɪˈkweɪʒənz/ | Two or more equations whose common solution must satisfy all equations at the same time. | 联立方程：公共解必须同时满足其中所有方程的两个或多个方程。 |
| proportion | UK: /prəˈpɔːʃən/ US: /prəˈpɔːrʃən/ | A relationship in which one ratio is equal to another, or one quantity varies in a specified way with another. | 比例关系：两个比相等，或一个量按指定规律随另一个量变化的关系。 |
| directly proportional | UK: /daɪˈrektli prəˈpɔːʃənəl/ US: /dəˈrektli prəˈpɔːrʃənəl/ | Related so that the ratio of the dependent quantity to the independent quantity is constant: . | 成正比：因变量与自变量之比保持不变，即 。 |
| inversely proportional | UK: /ɪnˈvɜːsli prəˈpɔːʃənəl/ US: /ɪnˈvɝːsli prəˈpɔːrʃənəl/ | Related so that the product of the two quantities is constant: . | 成反比：两个量的乘积保持不变，即 。 |
| exponent | UK: /ɪkˈspəʊnənt/ US: /ɪkˈspoʊnənt/ | The number or expression indicating the power to which a base is raised. | 指数：表示底数被提升到何次幂的数或表达式。 |
| power | UK: /ˈpaʊə/ US: /ˈpaʊər/ | An expression formed by raising a base to an exponent, such as . | 幂：将底数提升到某一指数所得的表达式，如 。 |
| square | UK: /skweə/ US: /skwer/ | The second power of a quantity: . | 平方：一个量的二次幂，即 。 |
| square root | UK: /skweə ruːt/ US: /skwer ruːt/ | A number that, when squared, gives the original number. | 平方根：平方后等于原数的数。 |
| cube | UK: /kjuːb/ US: /kjuːb/ | The third power of a quantity: . | 立方：一个量的三次幂，即 。 |
| cube root | UK: /kjuːb ruːt/ US: /kjuːb ruːt/ | A number that, when cubed, gives the original number. | 立方根：立方后等于原数的数。 |
| reciprocal | UK: /rɪˈsɪprəkəl/ US: /rɪˈsɪprəkəl/ | The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero number , equal to . | 倒数：非零数 的乘法逆元，等于 。 |
| scientific notation | UK: /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk nəʊˈteɪʃən/ US: /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk noʊˈteɪʃən/ | A representation of a number in the form , where and is an integer. | 科学记数法：将数写成 的形式，其中 ，且 为整数。 |
| standard form | UK: /ˈstændəd fɔːm/ US: /ˈstændərd fɔːrm/ | The British mathematical term commonly used for scientific notation. | 标准形式：英式数学中常用于指科学记数法的术语。 |
| order of magnitude | UK: /ˌɔːdər əv ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/ US: /ˌɔːrdər əv ˈmæɡnətuːd/ | The power of ten that characterizes the approximate scale of a quantity. | 数量级：表征一个量近似尺度的十的幂次。 |
| logarithm | UK: /ˈlɒɡərɪðəm/ US: /ˈlɑːɡərɪðəm/ | The exponent to which a specified base must be raised to obtain a given number. | 对数：使指定底数的幂等于给定数时所需的指数。 |
| natural logarithm | UK: /ˈnætʃərəl ˈlɒɡərɪðəm/ US: /ˈnætʃərəl ˈlɑːɡərɪðəm/ | A logarithm with base , written . | 自然对数：以 为底的对数，记作 。 |
| exponential function | UK: /ˌekspəˈnenʃəl ˈfʌŋkʃən/ US: /ˌekspəˈnenʃəl ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | A function in which the variable occurs in the exponent, such as . | 指数函数：变量出现在指数位置的函数，如 。 |
Functions and graphs
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| function | UK: /ˈfʌŋkʃən/ US: /ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | A rule that assigns exactly one output value to each permitted input value. | 函数：把每个允许输入值唯一对应到一个输出值的规则。 |
| independent variable | UK: /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbəl/ US: /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ˈveriəbəl/ | The input variable that is selected, controlled or placed on the horizontal axis. | 自变量：被选择、控制或通常放在横轴上的输入变量。 |
| dependent variable | UK: /dɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbəl/ US: /dɪˈpendənt ˈveriəbəl/ | The output variable whose value depends on the independent variable. | 因变量：取值依赖于自变量的输出变量。 |
| coordinate | UK: /kəʊˈɔːdɪnət/ US: /koʊˈɔːrdənət/ | A number, or one of a set of numbers, specifying the position of a point. | 坐标：用于确定一个点位置的一个数或一组数中的一个。 |
| origin | UK: /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ US: /ˈɔːrədʒɪn/ | The point at which the coordinate axes intersect and all coordinates are zero. | 原点：坐标轴相交且各坐标均为零的点。 |
| axis | UK: /ˈæksɪs/ US: /ˈæksəs/ | A reference line on a graph or coordinate system along which values are measured. | 坐标轴：图像或坐标系中用于度量数值的参考直线。 |
| horizontal axis | UK: /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəl ˈæksɪs/ US: /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntəl ˈæksəs/ | The left-to-right axis of a graph, commonly used for the independent variable. | 横轴：图像中从左到右的坐标轴，通常表示自变量。 |
| vertical axis | UK: /ˈvɜːtɪkəl ˈæksɪs/ US: /ˈvɝːtɪkəl ˈæksəs/ | The bottom-to-top axis of a graph, commonly used for the dependent variable. | 纵轴：图像中从下到上的坐标轴，通常表示因变量。 |
| axis scale | UK: /ˈæksɪs skeɪl/ US: /ˈæksəs skeɪl/ | The numerical spacing and range used to represent values along an axis. | 坐标轴刻度：坐标轴上表示数值时采用的间隔和范围。 |
| graph | UK: /ɡrɑːf/ US: /ɡræf/ | A visual representation of the relationship between variables. | 图像：表示变量之间关系的可视化形式。 |
| plot | UK: /plɒt/ US: /plɑːt/ | A graph or the act of marking data points on a graph. | 作图或图：在坐标系中标出数据点的过程，或所得图形。 |
| data point | UK: /ˈdeɪtə pɔɪnt/ US: /ˈdeɪtə pɔɪnt/ | A plotted point representing one pair or set of measured values. | 数据点：表示一组测量值并绘制在图上的点。 |
| curve | UK: /kɜːv/ US: /kɝːv/ | A continuous line representing a relationship that need not be linear. | 曲线：表示某种关系的连续线，不要求为线性关系。 |
| straight line | UK: /streɪt laɪn/ US: /streɪt laɪn/ | A line with constant gradient. | 直线：斜率保持不变的线。 |
| linear relationship | UK: /ˈlɪniə rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ US: /ˈlɪniər riˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ | A relationship represented by a straight-line graph, generally written . | 线性关系：图像为直线的关系，通常写作 。 |
| inverse-square relationship | UK: /ˌɪnvɜːs ˈskweə rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ US: /ˌɪnvɝːs ˈskwer riˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ | A relationship of the form . | 平方反比关系：形如 的关系。 |
| gradient | UK: /ˈɡreɪdɪənt/ US: /ˈɡreɪdiənt/ | The change in the vertical coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the horizontal coordinate. | 斜率：纵坐标变化量除以相应横坐标变化量。 |
| slope | UK: /sləʊp/ US: /sloʊp/ | A synonym for gradient, particularly common in American English. | 斜率：gradient 的同义词，在美式英语中尤为常见。 |
| intercept | UK: /ˈɪntəsept/ US: /ˈɪntərsept/ | The coordinate at which a graph crosses an axis. | 截距：图线与某一坐标轴相交处的坐标值。 |
| tangent to a curve | UK: /ˈtændʒənt tə ə kɜːv/ US: /ˈtændʒənt tə ə kɝːv/ | A straight line that has the same local gradient as a curve at the point of contact. | 曲线的切线：在接触点与曲线具有相同局部斜率的直线。 |
| secant line | UK: /ˈsiːkənt laɪn/ US: /ˈsiːkənt laɪn/ | A straight line passing through two distinct points on a curve. | 割线：通过曲线上两个不同点的直线。 |
| maximum | UK: /ˈmæksɪməm/ US: /ˈmæksəməm/ | The greatest value of a quantity within a specified domain or interval. | 最大值：一个量在指定定义域或区间内的最大取值。 |
| minimum | UK: /ˈmɪnɪməm/ US: /ˈmɪnəməm/ | The least value of a quantity within a specified domain or interval. | 最小值：一个量在指定定义域或区间内的最小取值。 |
| turning point | UK: /ˈtɜːnɪŋ pɔɪnt/ US: /ˈtɝːnɪŋ pɔɪnt/ | A point at which a curve changes from increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to increasing. | 转折点：曲线由递增变为递减或由递减变为递增的点。 |
| asymptote | UK: /ˈæsɪmtəʊt/ US: /ˈæsɪmtoʊt/ | A line that a curve approaches arbitrarily closely in a limiting region. | 渐近线：曲线在某一极限区域内无限接近的直线。 |
| interpolation | UK: /ɪnˌtɜːpəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ɪnˌtɝːpəˈleɪʃən/ | Estimation of a value within the range of measured data. | 内插：在已测数据范围内估计某个数值。 |
| extrapolation | UK: /ɪkˌstræpəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ɪkˌstræpəˈleɪʃən/ | Estimation of a value outside the range of measured data. | 外推：在已测数据范围之外估计某个数值。 |
| linearization | UK: /ˌlɪniəraɪˈzeɪʃən/ US: /ˌlɪniərəˈzeɪʃən/ | A transformation of variables that converts a non-linear relationship into a linear one. | 线性化：通过变量变换把非线性关系转化为线性关系。 |
| logarithmic scale | UK: /ˌlɒɡəˈrɪðmɪk skeɪl/ US: /ˌlɑːɡəˈrɪðmɪk skeɪl/ | A scale on which equal distances represent equal ratios rather than equal differences. | 对数刻度：相等距离表示相同比值而不是相同差值的刻度。 |
| best-fit line | UK: /ˌbest ˈfɪt laɪn/ US: /ˌbest ˈfɪt laɪn/ | A line chosen to represent the overall trend of a set of data points. | 最佳拟合线：用于表示一组数据点总体趋势的直线。 |
| residual | UK: /rɪˈzɪdjuəl/ US: /rɪˈzɪdʒuəl/ | The observed value minus the value predicted by a fitted model. | 残差：观测值减去拟合模型预测值所得的差。 |
Geometry and trigonometry
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| angle | UK: /ˈæŋɡəl/ US: /ˈæŋɡəl/ | The amount of rotation between two intersecting lines or directions. | 角：两条相交直线或两个方向之间的转动量。 |
| degree | UK: /dɪˈɡriː/ US: /dɪˈɡriː/ | An angular unit equal to one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of a complete revolution. | 度：等于一周角的三百六十分之一的角度单位。 |
| radian | UK: /ˈreɪdiən/ US: /ˈreɪdiən/ | The SI-derived angular unit; one radian subtends an arc whose length equals the radius. | 弧度：国际单位制导出角度单位；一弧度所对弧长等于半径。 |
| arc | UK: /ɑːk/ US: /ɑːrk/ | A portion of the circumference of a circle. | 圆弧：圆周的一部分。 |
| arc length | UK: /ɑːk leŋθ/ US: /ɑːrk leŋθ/ | The distance measured along a circular arc, equal to when is in radians. | 弧长：沿圆弧测得的长度；当 以弧度表示时，。 |
| circumference | UK: /səˈkʌmfərəns/ US: /sərˈkʌmfərəns/ | The perimeter of a circle, equal to . | 圆周长：圆的周界长度，等于 。 |
| radius | UK: /ˈreɪdɪəs/ US: /ˈreɪdiəs/ | The distance from the centre of a circle or sphere to its boundary. | 半径：圆心或球心到边界的距离。 |
| diameter | UK: /daɪˈæmɪtə/ US: /daɪˈæmətər/ | A straight line through the centre of a circle or sphere joining two boundary points; its length is . | 直径：通过圆心或球心并连接边界两点的线段，其长度为 。 |
| perimeter | UK: /pəˈrɪmɪtə/ US: /pəˈrɪmətər/ | The total length of the boundary of a plane shape. | 周长：平面图形边界的总长度。 |
| area | UK: /ˈeəriə/ US: /ˈeriə/ | The measure of the extent of a two-dimensional region. | 面积：二维区域大小的量度。 |
| surface area | UK: /ˈsɜːfɪs ˈeəriə/ US: /ˈsɝːfəs ˈeriə/ | The total area of the outer surface of a three-dimensional object. | 表面积：三维物体外表面的总面积。 |
| cross-sectional area | UK: /ˌkrɒs ˈsekʃənəl ˈeəriə/ US: /ˌkrɔːs ˈsekʃənəl ˈeriə/ | The area of a section formed by cutting an object with a plane. | 横截面积：用一个平面切割物体所得截面的面积。 |
| volume | UK: /ˈvɒljuːm/ US: /ˈvɑːljuːm/ | The measure of the three-dimensional space occupied by an object or region. | 体积：物体或区域所占三维空间大小的量度。 |
| right-angled triangle | UK: /ˌraɪt æŋɡəld ˈtraɪæŋɡəl/ US: /ˌraɪt æŋɡəld ˈtraɪæŋɡəl/ | A triangle containing one angle of ; American English commonly uses right triangle. | 直角三角形：含有一个 角的三角形；美式英语常称 right triangle。 |
| hypotenuse | UK: /haɪˈpɒtənjuːs/ US: /haɪˈpɑːtənuːs/ | The side opposite the right angle in a right-angled triangle. | 斜边：直角三角形中与直角相对的边。 |
| adjacent side | UK: /əˈdʒeɪsənt saɪd/ US: /əˈdʒeɪsənt saɪd/ | Relative to a chosen acute angle, the non-hypotenuse side that touches that angle. | 邻边：相对于所选锐角，与该角相邻且不是斜边的边。 |
| opposite side | UK: /ˈɒpəzɪt saɪd/ US: /ˈɑːpəzət saɪd/ | Relative to a chosen angle, the side lying across from that angle. | 对边：相对于所选角，位于该角对面的边。 |
| sine | UK: /saɪn/ US: /saɪn/ | For an acute angle in a right-angled triangle, the ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse. | 正弦：在直角三角形中，所选锐角的对边与斜边之比。 |
| cosine | UK: /ˈkəʊsaɪn/ US: /ˈkoʊsaɪn/ | For an acute angle in a right-angled triangle, the ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse. | 余弦：在直角三角形中，所选锐角的邻边与斜边之比。 |
| tangent function | UK: /ˈtændʒənt ˈfʌŋkʃən/ US: /ˈtændʒənt ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | The trigonometric function defined by ; in a right-angled triangle it is opposite divided by adjacent. | 正切函数：定义为 ；在直角三角形中等于对边除以邻边。 |
| inverse sine | UK: /ˌɪnvɜːs ˈsaɪn/ US: /ˌɪnvɝːs ˈsaɪn/ | The inverse function of sine on a restricted domain, used to determine an angle from its sine. | 反正弦：正弦函数在限定定义域上的反函数，用于由正弦值求角。 |
| inverse cosine | UK: /ˌɪnvɜːs ˈkəʊsaɪn/ US: /ˌɪnvɝːs ˈkoʊsaɪn/ | The inverse function of cosine on a restricted domain, used to determine an angle from its cosine. | 反余弦：余弦函数在限定定义域上的反函数，用于由余弦值求角。 |
| inverse tangent | UK: /ˌɪnvɜːs ˈtændʒənt/ US: /ˌɪnvɝːs ˈtændʒənt/ | The inverse function of tangent on a restricted domain, used to determine an angle from its tangent. | 反正切：正切函数在限定定义域上的反函数，用于由正切值求角。 |
| Pythagorean theorem | UK: /paɪˌθæɡəˈriːən ˈθɪərəm/ US: /paɪˌθæɡəˈriːən ˈθɪrəm/ | The theorem that for a right-angled triangle with hypotenuse . | 勾股定理：对于斜边为 的直角三角形，有 。 |
| similar triangles | UK: /ˈsɪmɪlə ˈtraɪæŋɡəlz/ US: /ˈsɪmələr ˈtraɪæŋɡəlz/ | Triangles with equal corresponding angles and proportional corresponding sides. | 相似三角形：对应角相等且对应边成比例的三角形。 |
| parallel | UK: /ˈpærəlel/ US: /ˈperəlel/ | Describing lines or planes that remain a constant perpendicular separation apart, or vectors with collinear directions, either the same or opposite. | 平行：描述垂直间距保持不变的直线或平面，或方向共线且可同向或反向的矢量。 |
| perpendicular | UK: /ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjələ/ US: /ˌpɝːpənˈdɪkjələr/ | Meeting or oriented at a right angle. | 垂直：相交或取向成直角。 |
| normal | UK: /ˈnɔːməl/ US: /ˈnɔːrməl/ | A line or direction perpendicular to a surface or curve at a specified point. | 法线或法向：在指定点垂直于表面或曲线的直线或方向。 |
Vectors
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| scalar | UK: /ˈskeɪlə/ US: /ˈskeɪlər/ | A quantity specified by magnitude only. | 标量：只由大小确定的量。 |
| vector | UK: /ˈvektə/ US: /ˈvektər/ | A quantity specified by both magnitude and direction. | 矢量：由大小和方向共同确定的量。 |
| magnitude | UK: /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/ US: /ˈmæɡnətuːd/ | The non-negative size or length of a vector. | 大小或模：矢量的非负数值大小或长度。 |
| direction | UK: /dəˈrekʃən/ US: /dəˈrekʃən/ | The orientation in which a vector points. | 方向：矢量所指的取向。 |
| component | UK: /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ US: /kəmˈpoʊnənt/ | The projection of a vector along a chosen direction or axis. | 分量：矢量在所选方向或坐标轴上的投影。 |
| horizontal component | UK: /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəl kəmˈpəʊnənt/ US: /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntəl kəmˈpoʊnənt/ | The component of a vector along the horizontal axis. | 水平分量：矢量沿水平方向坐标轴的分量。 |
| vertical component | UK: /ˈvɜːtɪkəl kəmˈpəʊnənt/ US: /ˈvɝːtɪkəl kəmˈpoʊnənt/ | The component of a vector along the vertical axis. | 竖直分量：矢量沿竖直方向坐标轴的分量。 |
| vector addition | UK: /ˈvektə əˈdɪʃən/ US: /ˈvektər əˈdɪʃən/ | The operation of combining vectors to obtain their resultant. | 矢量加法：合并多个矢量以得到合矢量的运算。 |
| vector subtraction | UK: /ˈvektə səbˈtrækʃən/ US: /ˈvektər səbˈtrækʃən/ | The addition of the negative of one vector to another vector. | 矢量减法：把一个矢量的负矢量与另一个矢量相加。 |
| resultant vector | UK: /rɪˈzʌltənt ˈvektə/ US: /rɪˈzʌltənt ˈvektər/ | The single vector equal to the vector sum of two or more vectors. | 合矢量：等于两个或多个矢量之和的单一矢量。 |
| resolution of a vector | UK: /ˌrezəˈluːʃən əv ə ˈvektə/ US: /ˌrezəˈluːʃən əv ə ˈvektər/ | The process of expressing a vector as components along chosen directions. | 矢量分解：把一个矢量表示为沿所选方向的若干分量的过程。 |
| unit vector | UK: /ˈjuːnɪt ˈvektə/ US: /ˈjuːnət ˈvektər/ | A vector of magnitude one used to specify a direction. | 单位矢量：大小为一、用于表示方向的矢量。 |
| scalar product | UK: /ˈskeɪlə ˈprɒdʌkt/ US: /ˈskeɪlər ˈprɑːdʌkt/ | The scalar operation . | 标量积或点积：定义为 的标量运算。 |
| vector diagram | UK: /ˈvektə ˈdaɪəɡræm/ US: /ˈvektər ˈdaɪəɡræm/ | A diagram in which directed line segments represent vectors to scale or schematically. | 矢量图：用有向线段按比例或示意表示矢量的图。 |
| head-to-tail method | UK: /ˌhed tə ˈteɪl ˈmeθəd/ US: /ˌhed tə ˈteɪl ˈmeθəd/ | A graphical method of vector addition in which the tail of each vector is placed at the head of the preceding vector. | 首尾相接法：把后一矢量的起点放在前一矢量终点处的图解矢量加法。 |
| parallelogram method | UK: /ˌpærəˈleləɡræm ˈmeθəd/ US: /ˌpærəˈleləɡræm ˈmeθəd/ | A graphical method in which two vectors form adjacent sides of a parallelogram and the diagonal gives the resultant. | 平行四边形法：以两个矢量为邻边作平行四边形，其对角线表示合矢量的方法。 |
Calculus
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| limit | UK: /ˈlɪmɪt/ US: /ˈlɪmɪt/ | The value that a function or sequence approaches as its input approaches a specified value. | 极限：当自变量趋近某一指定值时，函数或数列所趋近的值。 |
| derivative | UK: /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ US: /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ | The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to its variable. | 导数：函数相对于其变量的瞬时变化率。 |
| differentiation | UK: /ˌdɪfərenʃiˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˌdɪfərenʃiˈeɪʃən/ | The process of finding a derivative. | 微分或求导：求函数导数的过程。 |
| rate of change | UK: /reɪt əv tʃeɪndʒ/ US: /reɪt əv tʃeɪndʒ/ | The change in one quantity divided by the corresponding change in another quantity. | 变化率：一个量的变化量除以另一个量相应的变化量。 |
| instantaneous rate of change | UK: /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəs reɪt əv tʃeɪndʒ/ US: /ˌɪnstənˈtæniəs reɪt əv tʃeɪndʒ/ | The limiting rate of change at one point, represented by a derivative. | 瞬时变化率：某一点处的极限变化率，由导数表示。 |
| differential | UK: /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃəl/ US: /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃəl/ | In notation such as , the symbol identifies the variable of differentiation or integration and may represent a differential change. | 微分：在 等记号中，标明微分或积分所针对的变量，也可表示相应的微分变化。 |
| finite difference | UK: /ˌfaɪnaɪt ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /ˌfaɪnaɪt ˈdɪfrəns/ | A difference such as between two distinct finite values. | 有限差分：两个不同有限取值之间的差，如 。 |
| integral | UK: /ˈɪntɪɡrəl/ US: /ˈɪntəɡrəl/ | A mathematical quantity representing accumulation; a definite integral gives a signed accumulated total over an interval. | 积分：表示累积效应的数学量；定积分给出某一区间内的带符号累积总量。 |
| integration | UK: /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ US: /ˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃən/ | The process of evaluating an integral. | 积分运算：求积分的过程。 |
| definite integral | UK: /ˌdefɪnət ˈɪntɪɡrəl/ US: /ˌdefɪnət ˈɪntəɡrəl/ | An integral evaluated between specified lower and upper limits. | 定积分：在指定下限与上限之间求得的积分。 |
| area under a curve | UK: /ˈeəriə ˌʌndər ə kɜːv/ US: /ˈeriə ˌʌndər ə kɝːv/ | The signed area between a graph and its horizontal axis over a specified interval, represented by a definite integral. | 曲线下方面积：图线与横轴在指定区间内围成的带符号面积，由定积分表示。 |
Statistics, data and uncertainty
| Term | Pronunciation | English definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| data | UK: /ˈdeɪtə/ US: /ˈdeɪtə/ | Recorded observations or measurements used for analysis. | 数据：为分析而记录的观测值或测量值。 |
| data set | UK: /ˈdeɪtə set/ US: /ˈdeɪtə set/ | A collection of related data values. | 数据集：一组彼此相关的数据值。 |
| sample | UK: /ˈsɑːmpəl/ US: /ˈsæmpəl/ | A subset of observations selected from a larger population. | 样本：从更大总体中选取的一部分观测对象或观测值。 |
| population | UK: /ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/ | The complete set of objects, events or measurements about which an inference is made. | 总体：统计推断所针对的全部对象、事件或测量值集合。 |
| probability | UK: /ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/ US: /ˌprɑːbəˈbɪləti/ | A number from zero to one that quantifies the likelihood of an event. | 概率：取值从零到一、用于量化事件发生可能性的数。 |
| distribution | UK: /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ US: /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ | A description of how data values or probabilities are spread over possible outcomes. | 分布：描述数据值或概率如何分散在各种可能结果上的规律。 |
| normal distribution | UK: /ˌnɔːməl dɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ US: /ˌnɔːrməl dɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ | A symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution determined by its mean and standard deviation. | 正态分布：由均值和标准差确定的对称钟形概率分布。 |
| mean | UK: /miːn/ US: /miːn/ | The arithmetic average, found by dividing the sum of values by the number of values. | 均值：各数值之和除以数值个数所得的算术平均数。 |
| arithmetic mean | UK: /ˌærɪθˈmetɪk miːn/ US: /ˌerɪθˈmetɪk miːn/ | The sum of all values divided by the number of values. | 算术平均数：所有数值之和除以数值个数。 |
| median | UK: /ˈmiːdiən/ US: /ˈmiːdiən/ | The middle value of an ordered data set, or the mean of the two middle values when the number of values is even. | 中位数：排序后位于中间的数；数据个数为偶数时取中间两个数的平均值。 |
| mode | UK: /məʊd/ US: /moʊd/ | The value occurring most frequently in a data set. | 众数：数据集中出现频数最高的数值。 |
| range | UK: /reɪndʒ/ US: /reɪndʒ/ | The maximum value minus the minimum value in a data set. | 极差：数据集中最大值减去最小值。 |
| variance | UK: /ˈveəriəns/ US: /ˈveriəns/ | The mean squared deviation of values from their mean, with the precise divisor depending on whether a population or sample variance is used. | 方差：各数值相对均值偏差平方的平均；总体方差和样本方差采用的除数不同。 |
| standard deviation | UK: /ˌstændəd ˌdiːviˈeɪʃən/ US: /ˌstændərd ˌdiːviˈeɪʃən/ | The square root of the variance, measuring the spread of data around the mean. | 标准差：方差的平方根，用于衡量数据围绕均值的离散程度。 |
| uncertainty | UK: /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ US: /ʌnˈsɝːtənti/ | A quantified interval or parameter expressing the range within which a measured value is reasonably expected to lie. | 不确定度：量化表示测量值合理可能落入范围的区间或参数。 |
| absolute uncertainty | UK: /ˈæbsəluːt ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ US: /ˈæbsəluːt ʌnˈsɝːtənti/ | An uncertainty expressed in the same units as the measured quantity. | 绝对不确定度：用与被测量相同单位表示的不确定度。 |
| fractional uncertainty | UK: /ˈfrækʃənəl ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ US: /ˈfrækʃənəl ʌnˈsɝːtənti/ | The absolute uncertainty divided by the measured value. | 相对不确定度或分数不确定度：绝对不确定度除以测量值。 |
| percentage uncertainty | UK: /pəˈsentɪdʒ ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ US: /pərˈsentɪdʒ ʌnˈsɝːtənti/ | The fractional uncertainty multiplied by . | 百分比不确定度：相对不确定度乘以 。 |
| random uncertainty | UK: /ˈrændəm ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ US: /ˈrændəm ʌnˈsɝːtənti/ | Uncertainty associated with unpredictable variations that cause repeated measurements to scatter. | 随机不确定度：由不可预测变化引起、使重复测量结果发生离散的不确定度。 |
| systematic error | UK: /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk ˈerə/ US: /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk ˈerər/ | A consistent bias that shifts measurements in the same general direction and is not removed by simple repetition. | 系统误差：使测量结果持续向同一总体方向偏移，且不能通过简单重复测量消除的偏差。 |
| accuracy | UK: /ˈækjərəsi/ US: /ˈækjərəsi/ | The degree of agreement between a measured result and an accepted or reference value. | 准确度：测量结果与公认值或参考值接近的程度。 |
| precision | UK: /prɪˈsɪʒən/ US: /prɪˈsɪʒən/ | The degree of agreement among repeated measurements, or the fineness with which a value is resolved. | 精密度：重复测量结果彼此接近的程度，或测量分辨数值细节的程度。 |
| significant figures | UK: /sɪɡˌnɪfɪkənt ˈfɪɡəz/ US: /sɪɡˌnɪfɪkənt ˈfɪɡjərz/ | Digits retained in a number to communicate its measured or calculated precision. | 有效数字：为表达测量值或计算值精度而保留的数字。 |
| decimal places | UK: /ˈdesɪməl ˈpleɪsɪz/ US: /ˈdesəməl ˈpleɪsɪz/ | The number of digits written to the right of the decimal point. | 小数位数：小数点右侧所写数字的个数。 |
| error bar | UK: /ˈerə bɑː/ US: /ˈerər bɑːr/ | A graphical line showing the uncertainty interval associated with a plotted value. | 误差棒：在图中表示数据点不确定区间的线段。 |
| upper bound | UK: /ˈʌpə baʊnd/ US: /ˈʌpər baʊnd/ | The greatest value permitted by a stated interval or uncertainty. | 上界：给定区间或不确定度允许的最大值。 |
| lower bound | UK: /ˈləʊə baʊnd/ US: /ˈloʊər baʊnd/ | The least value permitted by a stated interval or uncertainty. | 下界：给定区间或不确定度允许的最小值。 |
| percentage difference | UK: /pəˈsentɪdʒ ˈdɪfrəns/ US: /pərˈsentɪdʒ ˈdɪfrəns/ | The absolute difference between two experimental values divided by their mean, multiplied by . | 百分比差异：两个实验值之差的绝对值除以其平均值，再乘以 。 |
| percentage error | UK: /pəˈsentɪdʒ ˈerə/ US: /pərˈsentɪdʒ ˈerər/ | The absolute difference between an experimental value and an accepted value divided by the accepted value, multiplied by . | 百分比误差：实验值与公认值之差的绝对值除以公认值，再乘以 。 |
| correlation | UK: /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/ | A statistical association between two variables; correlation alone does not establish causation. | 相关性：两个变量之间的统计关联；相关性本身不能证明因果关系。 |
| positive correlation | UK: /ˈpɒzɪtɪv ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˈpɑːzətɪv ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/ | A relationship in which larger values of one variable tend to be associated with larger values of another. | 正相关：一个变量较大时，另一个变量也倾向较大的关系。 |
| negative correlation | UK: /ˈneɡətɪv ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/ US: /ˈneɡətɪv ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/ | A relationship in which larger values of one variable tend to be associated with smaller values of another. | 负相关：一个变量较大时，另一个变量倾向较小的关系。 |
| linear regression | UK: /ˈlɪniə rɪˈɡreʃən/ US: /ˈlɪniər rɪˈɡreʃən/ | A statistical method for fitting a straight-line model to data. | 线性回归：用直线模型拟合数据的统计方法。 |
| uncertainty in the gradient | UK: /ʌnˈsɜːtənti ɪn ðə ˈɡreɪdiənt/ US: /ʌnˈsɝːtənti ɪn ðə ˈɡreɪdiənt/ | An estimate of the range of plausible gradient values consistent with the data and their uncertainties. | 斜率不确定度：与数据及其不确定度相容的合理斜率范围估计。 |
| uncertainty in the intercept | UK: /ʌnˈsɜːtənti ɪn ði ˈɪntəsept/ US: /ʌnˈsɝːtənti ɪn ði ˈɪntərsept/ | An estimate of the range of plausible intercept values consistent with the data and their uncertainties. | 截距不确定度：与数据及其不确定度相容的合理截距范围估计。 |
| outlier | UK: /ˈaʊtlaɪə/ US: /ˈaʊtlaɪər/ | A data value lying unusually far from the general pattern of the remaining data. | 离群值：明显偏离其余数据总体模式的数据值。 |
References
- International Baccalaureate Organization, Physics guide, first assessment 2025.
- International Baccalaureate Organization, Physics data booklet, first assessment 2025, version 1.2.
- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge English Dictionary and Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary.
- Oxford University Press, Oxford Learner's Dictionaries and Oxford pronunciation resources.
- Carnegie Mellon University, CMU Pronouncing Dictionary.
- Open Speech and Language Resources, BEEP Dictionary; Britfone British English pronunciation lexicon.